Abstract
The China–Pakistan relationship has reached new heights through the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) worth $62 billion of Chinese investment in Pakistan. Since the commencement of its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), Beijing continues to invest more to enhance China’s soft power through a positive image in BRI partner countries including Pakistan. To understand this phenomenon, this study examines the framing of China’s image vis-à-vis CPEC in Pakistan’s English dailies. The data comprise 651 reports of seven newspapers during 2017 in connection to five frames: China’s diplomatic and strategic relations, economic and infrastructural investment, Pak–China long-term relations, cultural exchange and education, and ‘War on Terror.’ The results suggest that Pakistan’s English press promotes China’s goodwill through an overwhelming positive reporting of its culture, diplomatic support, and investment. This paper argues that such high occurrence of positive news reporting of China in Pakistan is linked to China’s soft power.
This is a preview of subscription content,
to check access.
Source Elaborated by the authors
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon request.
References
Ahmed, Zahid Shahab. 2018. Impact of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor on Nation-Building in Pakistan. Journal of Contemporary China 28 (117): 400–414. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670564.2018.1542221.
Ahmed, Zahid Shahab, Sliada Rojratanakiat, and Soravis Taekasem. 2019. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor in Social Media: A Critical Discourse Analysis. CPD Perspectives. https://www.uscpublicdiplomacy.org/sites/uscpublicdiplomacy.org/files/CPEC_Twitter_Discourse_Analysis_China_Pakistan_Ahmed_Rojratanakiat_Taekasem.pdf.
Akbar, Muhammad Wasim, Muhammad Riaz Raza, and Shahid Hussain. 2012. Photojournalism in Pakistan: Ethics and Responsibilities Analysis of Urdu Newspapers Front Pages. Journal of Mass Communication and Journalism. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7912.1000112.
Akhtar, Nadeem, and Cornelius B. Pratt. 2017. Pakistani Government-News Media Relationships: How relevant are Western journalistic values? Journalism Studies 18 (1): 65–85.
Albishri, Osama, Sofiya Tarasevich, Pamala Proverbs, Spiro K. Kiousis, and Abdullah Alahmari. 2019. Mediated Public Diplomacy in the Digital Age: Exploring the Saudi and the U. S. Governments’ Agenda-Building during Trump’s Visit to the Middle East. Public Relations Review 45: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2019.101820.
Alvi, Urooj, Muhammad Asim Mehmood, and Shafqat Rasool. 2016. A Multidimensional Analysis of Pakistani Press Editorials. The Dialogue 11 (3): 270–284.
Asif, Muhammad, and Yang Bo Ling. 2019. China Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC): International Media Reporting and Legal Validity of Gilgit-Baltistan. Asian Social Science 15 (2): 177–187. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n2p177.
Associated Press of Pakistan. 2017. Pakistani, Chinese Journalists Stress Close Collaboration between Their Media Outlets. Associated Press of Pakistan. 2017. https://www.app.com.pk/pakistani-chinese-journalists-stress-close-collaboration-between-their-media-outlets/.
Bacha, Umar. 2017. More Students in Pakistan are Learning Chinese Today than Ever Before. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1333509.
Benabdallah, Lina. 2019. Explaining Attractiveness: Knowledge Production and Power Projection in China’s Policy for Africa. Journal of International Relations and Development 22 (2): 495–514. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41268-017-0109-x.
Blondheim, Menahem, and Elad Segev. 2017. Just Spell US Right. Journalism Studies 18 (9): 1128–1147.
Boboc, Georgiana. 2017. The Belt and Road Initiative: China’s Soft Power Strategy—Opinion. China Daily. https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017beltandroad/2017-06/05/content_29618551.htm.
Casero-Ripollés, Andreu, and Pablo López-Rabadán. 2013. Media Engagement Boundaries and Political Influence in Europe. American Behavioral Scientist 58 (7): 859–868. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213506207.
Chitty, Naren, Dalbir Ahlawat, Mei Li, and D. Gopal. 2018. The Chinese Belt and Road Initiative and the Indian Ocean Region: Sentiment Toward Economic Prosperity and Security Implications. The Indian Journal of Politics 52 (1–2): 1–20.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. Framing Theory. Annual Review of Political Science 10 (1): 103–126. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.072805.103054.
CPEC. 2019. CPEC Media Forum. China Pakistan Economic Corridor. https://cpecinfo.com/cpec-media-forum/.
Dawn. 2017. China Donates Office Equipment to Pakistan’s Parliament. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1359318.
De Castro, Renato Cruz. 2007. The limits of twenty-first century Chinese soft-power statecraft in Southeast Asia: The case of the Philippines. Issues & Studies 43 (4): 77–116.
Dickinson, Roger, and Bashir Memon. 2012. Press Clubs, the Journalistic Field and the Practice of Journalism in Pakistan. Journalism Studies 13 (4): 616–632.
Edy, Jill A., and Patrick C. Meirick. 2007. Wanted, Dead or Alive: Media Frames, Frame Adoption, and Support for the War in Afghanistan. Journal of Communication 57 (1): 119–141. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00332.x.
Entman, Robert M. 1993. Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x.
Entman, Robert M. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Estupinan, Ospina, and Jhon Deyby. 2017. The Coverage of China in the Latin American Press: Media Framing Study. Cogent Arts & Humanities. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2017.1287319.
Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1987. The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action. In Research in Political Sociology, ed. Richard Braungart, 137–177. Greenwich, CT: Jai Press.
Gao, Charlotte. 2017. China Defends Pakistan After Trump Calls Pakistan a Terrorist Haven. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/08/china-defends-pakistan-after-trump-calls-pakistan-a-terrorist-haven/.
Golan, Guy J. 2015. An Integrated Approach to Public Diplomacy. In International Public Relations and Public Diplomacy: Communication and Engagementand Engagement, ed. Guy J. Golan, Sung U. Yang, and Dennis F. Kinsey. New York, NY: Peter Lang AG.
Hameed, Maham. 2018. The Politics of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. Palgrave Communications. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0115-7.
Hayat, Noor, and Juliana Abdul Wahab. 2016. A Comparative Analysis of Pakistani English Newspaper Editorials: The Case of Taliban’s Attack on Malala Yousafzai. Pertanika Journal of Social Science and Humanities 24 (3): 1105–1119.
Hussain, Zafar. 2018. Pakistan, China Journalists Look Forward to Enhanced Cooperation for CPEC’s Success. https://www.geo.tv/latest/191552-pakistan-china-journalists-look-forward-to-cooperation-for-cpecs-success.
Ittefaq, Muhammad. 2019. Digital Diplomacy via Social Networks: A Cross-National Analysis of Governmental Usage of Facebook and Twitter for Digital Engagement. Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia 18 (1): 49–69.
Jamil, Sadia. 2020. Artificial Intelligence and Journalistic Practice: The Crossroads of Obstacles and Opportunities for the Pakistani Journalists. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2020.1788412.
Javaid, Umbreen, and Asifa Jahangir. 2015. Pakistan-China Strategic Relationship: A Glorious Journey of 55 Years. Journal of Research Society of Pakistan 52 (1): 157–183.
Kamboh, Shafiq Ahmad, and Muhammad Ittefaq. 2019. Newspaper Suicide Reporting in a Muslim Country: Analysis of Violations and Compliance with International Guidelines. Journal of Media Ethics 34 (1): 2–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23736992.2019.1568252.
Keane, Michael. 2010. Keeping Up with the Neighbors: China’s Soft Power Ambitions. Cinema Journal 49 (3): 130–135. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.0.0218.
Khan, Altaf Ullah. 2011. News Media and Journalism in Pakistan. Lambert Academic Publishing.
Kiani, Khaleeq. 2021. Pakistan, China Mull Bilateral Framework Under CPEC. Dawn. https://www.dawn.com/news/1615959.
L’Etang, Jacquie. 2009. Public Relations and Diplomacy in a Globalized World: An Issue of Public Communication. American Behavioral Scientist 53 (4): 607–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764209347633.
Lecheler, Sophie, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2011. Getting Real: The Duration of Framing Effects. Journal of Communication 61 (5): 959–983. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01580.x.
Lee, Jung-Nam. 2008. The Rise of China and Soft Power: China’s Soft Power Influence in Korea. China Review 8 (1): 127–154.
Li, Mei. 2019. Chinese Television and Soft Power Communication in Australia. London: Anthem Press.
Li, Mingjiang. 2009. Soft Power: Nurture Not Nature. In Soft Power: China’s Emerging Strategy in International Politics, 21–44. Plymouth: Lexington Books.
Li, Qianqian, and Liu Yijun. 2020. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: The Pakistani Media Attitudes Perspective. Technology in Society. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2020.101303.
Li, Xiufang. 2012. Images of China: A Comparative Framing Analysis of Australian Current Affairs Programming. Intercultural Communication Studies 21 (1): 173–188.
Li, Xiufang, and Naren Chitty. 2009. Reframing National Image: A Methodological Framework. Conflict & Communication Online 8 (2): 1–11.
Liang, Wei. 2012. China’s Soft Power in Africa: Is Economic Power Sufficient? Asian Perspective 36 (4): 667–692. https://doi.org/10.1353/apr.2012.0025.
Matthes, Jörg, and Matthias Kohring. 2008. The Content Analysis of Media Frames: Toward Improving Reliability and Validity. Journal of Communication 58 (2): 258–279. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.00384.x.
Mehar, Ayub. 2017. Infrastructure Development, CPEC and FDI in Pakistan: Is There Any Connection? Transnational Corporations Review 9 (3): 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/19186444.2017.1362857.
Mintz, Alex, and Steven B.. Redd. 2003. Framing Effects in International Relations. Synthese 135 (2): 193–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023460923628.
National Development and Reform Commission. 2020. The Chinese Government Signed 201 BRI Cooperation Documents with 138 Countries and 31 International Organizations. https://en.ndrc.gov.cn/newsrelease_8232/202011/t20201124_1251130.html.
Neuman, W Russell, Marion R. Just, and Ann N. Crigler. 1992. Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Nye, Joseph S. 1990. Soft Power. Foreign Policy 80: 153. https://doi.org/10.2307/1148580.
Nye, Joseph S. 2008. Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616: 94–109.
O’Neil, Moira. 2012. Overarching Patterns in Media Coverage of Education Issues A Core Story of Education Report. Washington, DC. http://www.nmefoundation.org/getmedia/61d7bf15-9c3f-4268-b3da-fa89c5228830/ecs-mca-overarching-final?ext=.pdf.
Pant, Harsh V. 2012. The Pakistan Thorn in China–India–U.S. Relations. The Washington Quarterly 35 (1): 83–95.
Pew Research Center. 2014. How Countries View China. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2014/07/14/chapter-2-chinas-image/.
Pintak, Lawrence, and Syed Javed Nazir. 2013. Pakistani Journalism: At the Crossroads of Muslim Identity, National Priorities and Journalistic Culture. Media, Culture & Society 35 (5): 640–665. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443713483654.
Rasul, Azmat, and Jennifer M. Proffitt. 2013. Diversity or Homogeny: Concentration of Ownership and Media Diversity in Pakistan. Asian Journal of Communication 23 (6): 590–604.
Reporter Without Borders. 2018. Media Market: Money and Control. https://pakistan.mom-rsf.org/en/findings/market/.
Reuters. 2017. China Defends Ally Pakistan after Trump Criticism. Reuters. 2017. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-afghanistan-china/china-defends-ally-pakistan-after-trump-criticism-idUSKCN1B20P8.
Ricchardi, Sherry. 2012. Challenges for Independent News Media in Pakistan. Washington, DC: Center for Interntional Media Assistance.
Scheufele, Dietram A. 1999. Framing as a Theory of Media Effects. Journal of Communication 49 (1): 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x.
Semetko, Holli A., and Patti M. Valkenburg. 2000. Framing European Politics: A Content Analysis of Press and Television News. Journal of Communication 50 (2): 93–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02843.x.
Shabir, Ghulam, Abdul Wajid Khan, Malik Adnan, and Ghulam Safdar. 2014. A Comparative Analysis of the Editorials of ‘The Nation’ and ‘The News’: The Case Study of Pak-India Relations Issues (2008–2010). Journal of Political Studies 21 (11): 41–59.
Shah, Abdur Rehman. 2018. How Does China-Pakistan Economic Corridor Show the Limitations of China’s ‘One Belt One Road’ Model. Asia and the Pacific Policy Studies 5 (2): 378–385. https://doi.org/10.1002/app5.224.
Sheafer, Tamir, and Itay Gabay. 2009. Mediated Public Diplomacy: A Strategic Contest over International Agenda Building and Frame Building. Political Communication 26 (4): 447–467. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584600903297240.
Sheng-Kai, Charles Chia. 2015. Higher Education Scholarships as a Soft Power Tool: An Analysis of Its Role in the EU and Singapore. EU Centre Singapore Working Paper No. 23, March 2015. http://aei.pitt.edu/63496/.
Siddiqa, Ayesha. 2010. Expansion of Print Media in Pakistan. The Express Tribune. 2010. https://tribune.com.pk/story/76952/expansion-of-print-media-in-pakistan/.
Siddiqui, Salman. 2017. CPEC Investment Pushed from $55b to $62b. 2017. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1381733/cpec-investment-pushed-55b-62b/.
Skjerdal, Terje, and Fufa Gusu. 2016. Positive Portrayal of Sino-African Relations in the Ethiopian Press. China’s Media and Soft Power in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137539670_11.
Tan-Mullins, May. 2016. Chinese Perception of Soft Power: The Role of the Media in Shaping Chinese Views and Discourses on Foreign Aid to Africa. China’s Media and Soft Power in Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137539670_8.
Tarasheva, Elena. 2014. The Image of a Country Created by International Media: The Case of Bulgaria. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
The Express Tribune. 2017a. 22,000 Pakistanis Now Studying in China. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1558870/1-22000-pakistanis-now-studying-china/.
The Express Tribune. 2017b. Pakistan Confirms Death of Two Chinese Nationals, Vows to Nab Perpetrators. The Express Tribune. https://tribune.com.pk/story/1545249/1-pakistan-confirms-death-two-chinese-nationals-vows-nab-perpetrators/.
The Economist. 2017. The Subtleties of Soft Power—China Is Spending Billions to Make the World Love It. The Economist, March 2017. https://www.economist.com/china/2017/03/23/china-is-spending-billions-to-make-the-world-love-it.
The Nation. 2017. Chinese Foreign Minister to Visit Pakistan, Afghanistan. The Nation. 2017. https://nation.com.pk/21-Jun-2017/chinese-foreign-minister-to-visit-pakistan-afghanistan.
The News. 2017a. CPEC Media Forum Begins Today. The News. https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/249314-cpec-media-forum-begins-today.
The News. 2017b. Pak-China Study Centre Inaugurated in Islamabad. The News. https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/210978-Pak-China-study-centre-inaugurated-in-Islamabad.
The Soft Power 30. 2017. A Global Ranking of Soft Power. Portland. https://softpower30.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/The-Soft-Power-30-Report-2017-Web-1.pdf.
Vreese, Claes H. 2005. News Framing: Theory and Typology. Information Design Journal 13 (1): 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1075/idjdd.13.1.06vre.
Waseem Iqbal, Yasir. 2014. Portrayal of Pakistan in the New York Times and the Washington Post: A Study of Editorials during 2008 to 2010. Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7912.1000179.
Wasserman, Herman. 2016. China’s ‘Soft Power’ and Its Influence on Editorial Agendas in South Africa. Chinese Journal of Communication 9 (1): 8–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/17544750.2015.1049953.
Wimmer, Roger D., and Joseph R. Dominick. 2014. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. Boston, Mass: Cengage- Wadsworth.
Yağci, Mustafa. 2018. Rethinking Soft Power in Light of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Uluslararasi Iliskiler 15 (57): 67–78. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.518043.
Yousaf, Salman. 2015. Representation of Pakistan: A Framing Analysis of the Coverage in the U.S. and Chinese News Media Surrounding Operation Zarb-e-Azb. International Journal of Communication 9: 3042–3064.
Yousaf, Zahid. 2012. Coverage Of Pak-Us Relations In Elite Press Of Pakistan And Us During The Democratic Government Of Pakistan People’s Party; March 2008 To February 2012 (Media & Foreign Policy Perspective). IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science 6 (1): 25–33. https://doi.org/10.9790/0837-0612533.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Disclaimer: This research study was not funded by any organization.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ittefaq, M., Ahmed, Z.S. & Martínez Pantoja, Y.I. China’s Belt and Road Initiative and soft power in Pakistan: an examination of the local English-language press. Place Brand Public Dipl 19, 1–14 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00212-8
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41254-021-00212-8