Abstract
Manufacturing systems can be thought as production networks nodes whose relations have a strong impact on design and analysis of each system. Commercial simulators are already adopted to analyse complex networked systems, but the development of a monolithic model can be too complex or infeasible when a detailed description of the nodes is not available outside the ‘owner’ of the node. Then the problem can be decomposed modelling complex systems with various simulators that interoperate in a synchronized manner. Herein, the integration of simulators is addressed by taking as a reference the High Level Architecture (HLA). This paper proposes modifications to Commercial-off-the-shelf Simulation Package Interoperability Product Development Group protocols and to use patterns of how HLA can be effectively adopted to support Commercial Simulation Package interoperability: a new solution for the synchronous entity passing problem and modifications to the Entity Transfer Specification are presented. The resulting infrastructure is validated and tested over an industrial case.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.












References
Alvarado JR, Osuna RV and Tuokko R (2008). Distributed simulation in manufacturing using high level architecture. International Federation for Information Processing 260 (4): 121–126.
Al-Zoubi K and Wainer G (2009). Performing distributed simulation with restful web-services approach. In: Dunkin A, Ingalls R, Yücesan E and Rossetti M et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference, 13–16 December, Austin, TX, pp 1323–1334.
Banks J et al (2003). The future of simulation industry. In: Ferrin D, Morrice D, Sanchez P and Chick S (eds). Proceedings of the 2003 Winter Simulation Conference, 7–10 December, New Orleans, LA, pp 2033–2043.
Boer CA (2005). Distributed simulation in industry. PhD Thesis. Erasmus Research Institute of Management (ERIM), Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
Boer CA, De Bruin A and Verbraeck A (2006a). Distributed simulation in industry: A survey—Part 1 The COTS vendors. In: Nicol D, Fujimoto R, Lawson B and Liu J et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 3–6 December, Monterey, CA, pp 1094–1102.
Boer CA, De Bruin A and Verbraeck A (2006b). Distributed simulation in industry: A survey—Part 2 experts on distributed simulation. In: Nicol D, Fujimoto R, Lawson B and Liu J et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 3–6 December, Monterey, CA, pp 1061–1068.
Boer CA, De Bruin A and Verbraeck A (2006c). Distributed simulation in industry: A survey—Part 3 the HLA standard in industry. In: Nicol D, Fujimoto R, Lawson B and Liu J et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 3–6 December, Monterey, CA, pp 1061–1068.
Boer CA and Verbraeck A (2003). Distributed simulation and manufacturing: Distributed simulation with COTS simulation packages. In: Ferrin D, Morrice D, Sanchez P and Chick S (eds). Proceedings of the 2003 Winter Simulation Conference, 7–10 December, New Orleans, LA, pp 829–837.
Colledani M and Tolio T (2005). A decomposition method to support the configuration/reconfiguration of production systems. CIRP Annals—Manufacturing Technology 54 (1): 441–444.
Fujimoto RM (1998). Parallel and distributed simulation. In: Wiley (ed). Handbook of Simulation. University of Michigan, Wiley Online Library.
Fujimoto RM et al (2007). Ad Hoc distributed simulations. Proceedings of the 21st International Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation, IEEE Computer Society, pp 15–24.
Gan BP et al (2000). Distributed supply chain simulation across enterprise boundaries. In: Fishwick P, Kang K, Joines J and Barton R (eds). Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference, 10–13 December, Orlando, FL, pp 1245–1251.
Gan BP et al (2005). Interoperating Autosched AP using the high level architecture. In: Armstrong F, Joines J, Steiger N and Kuhl N (eds). Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference, 4–7 December, Orlando, FL.
Gan BP et al (2007). Architecture and performance of an HLA-based distributed decision support system for a semiconductor supply chain. SimTech Technical Reports 7 (4): 220–226.
Granoweiter L and Watrous B (2004). Challenges and Solutions for Large Scale HLA Federations. Simulations Interoperamlity workshop, Cambridge, MA, pp 3–38.
Hibino H et al (2002). Manufacturing adapter of distributed simulation systems using HLA. In: Snowdon J, Charnes J, Yücesan E and Chen CH (eds). Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, 8–11 December, San Diego, CA, pp 1099–1107.
Kubat C and Uygun O (2007). HLA based distributed simulation model for integrated maintenance and production scheduling system in textile industry. In: Pham PT, Eldukhri EE and Soroka A (eds). Proceedings of 3rd I*PROMS Virtual International Conference, 2–13 July, Cardiff, England, pp 413–418.
Kubat C, Uygun O and Ozmetel E (2009). Scenario based distributed manufacturing simulation using HLA technologies. Information Sciences 79 (10): 1533–1541.
Kuhl F, Dahmann J and Weatherly R (1999). Creating Computer Simulation Systems: An introduction to the High Level Architecture. Prentice Hall PTR: Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Law AM (2007). Simulation modeling and Analysis 3rd edn, McGraw-Hill: New York.
Lee YT, Leong S and Riddick F (2006). A core manufacturing simulation data information model for manufacturing applications, http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.161.6233. Manufacturing Systems Integration Division National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8260 USA. 301-975-5426, 301-975-3550, 301-975-3892.
Lendermann P (2006). About the need for distributed simulation technology for the resolution of real-world manufacturing and logistics problems. In: Nicol D, Fujimoto R, Lawson B and Liu J et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 3–6 December, Monterey, CA, pp 1119–1128.
Lendermann P (2007). Panel: Distributed simulation in industry—A real-world necessity or ivory tower fancy? In: Morse K, Perumalla K and Riley G (eds). Proceedings of the 2007 Winter Simulation Conference, 15–17 June, San Diego, CA, pp 1053–1062.
Liang Y, Cai W and Turner SJ (2009). Interfacing RePast with HLA using a generic architecture for COTS simulation package interoperability. Joint SISO/SCS Spring Simulation Interoperability Workshop, San Diego, CA.
Linn RL and Chen CS (2002). Development of distributed simulation model for the transporter entity in a supply chain process. In: Snowdon J, Charnes J, Yücesan E and Chen C-H (eds). Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, 8–11 December, San Diego, CA, pp 1319–1326.
Malik AW (2010). An optimistic parallel simulation for cloud computing environments. SCS M&S Magazine 6 (4): 1–9.
MAK RTI. http://www.mak.com.
McLean C et al (2003). Simulation standards: Current status, needs, and future directions. In: Ferrin D, Morrice D, Sanchez P and Chick S (eds). Proceedings of the 2003 Winter Simulation Conference, 7–10 December, New Orleans, LA, pp 2019–2026.
McLean C and Riddick F (2000). Integration of manufacturing simulations using HLA. Proceedings of the 2000 Advanced Simulation Technologies Conference (ASTC 2000), 14–17 October, Cleveland, OH.
Mustafee N and Taylor SJE (2006). Investigating distributed simulation with COTS simulation packages: Experiences with Simul8 and the HLA. Proceedings of the 2006 Operational Research Society Simulation Workshop (SW06), Leamington Spa, pp 33–42.
Mustafee N, Taylor SJE, Katsaliaki K and Brailsford S (2009). Facilitating the analysis of a UK national blood service supply chain using distributed simulation. Simulation 85 (2): 113–128.
Park J et al (2005). Addressing complexity using distributed simulation: A case study in spaceport modeling. In: Armstrong F, Joines J, Steiger N and Kuhl N (eds). Proceedings of the 2005 Winter Simulation Conference, 4–7 December, Orlando, FL.
Pedrielli G et al (2011). Simulation of complex manufacturing systems via HLA-based Infrastructure. Proceedings of the 2011 Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation, Nice, 14–17 June, Nice, pp 78–89.
Peschlow P and Martini P (2007). Efficient analysis of simultaneous events in distributed simulation. Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications (DS-RT ‘07), 22–24 October, Chania, Greece, pp 244–251.
Raab M, Masik S and Schulze T (2011). Support system for distributed HLA simulations in industrial applications Workshop on Parallel Advanced and Distributed Simulation 87–93.
Rabe M, Jaekel FW and Weinaug H (2006). Supply chain demonstrator based on federated models and HLA application. Simulation und Visualisierung 2006. European Publishing House: Ghent, Erlangen, San Diego, Delft, pp 329–338.
Sacco M et al (2011). VFF: Virtual Factory Manager. In: Shumaker Randall (ed) Virtual and Mixed Reality—Systems and Application, Lecture Notes in Computer Science Vol. 6774, Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, pp 397–406.
SISO CSPI-PDG. http://www.sisostds.org.
SISO COTS Simulation Package Interoperability Product Development Group (2010). Standard for Commercial-off-the-shelf Simulation Package Interoperability Reference Models. SISO-STD-006-2010.
Sly D and Shreekanth M (2001). Simulation Data Exchange (SDX) implementation and use. In: Peters BA, Smith JS, Medeiros DJ and Rohrer MW (eds). Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference, pp 1473–1477.
Smith JS (2003). Survey on the use of simulation for manufacturing system design and operation. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 22 (2): 157–171.
Straßburger S (2001). Distributed simulation based on the high level architecture in civilian application domains. PhD Thesis, Computer Science Faculty, University Otto von Guericke, Magdeburg.
Straßburger S (2006a). The road to COTS-interoperability: from generic HLA-interfaces towards plug-And-play capabilities. In: Nicol D, Fujimoto R, Lawson B and Liu J et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference, 3–6 December, Monterey, CA.
Straßburger S (2006b). Overview about the high level architecture for modeling and simulation and recent developments. Simulation News Europe 16 (2): 5–14.
Straßburger S, Schmidgall G and Haasis S (2003). Distributed manufacturing simulation as an enabling technology for the digital factory. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing System 2 (1): 111–126.
Taylor SJE (2011). Realising parallel and distributed simulation in industry: A roadmap. Proceedings of the 25th International Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation. IEEE Computer Society, 14–17 June, Nice, p 1.
Taylor SJE, Bohli L, Wang X and Turner SJ (2005). Investigating distributed simulation at the ford motor company. Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE International Symposium on Distributed Simulation and Real-Time Applications. IEEE Computer Society, pp 139–147.
Taylor SJE et al (2002). Distributed simulation in industry: Potentials and pitfalls. In: Snowdon J, Charnes J, Yücesan E and Chen C-H (eds). Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation Conference, 8–11 December, San Diego, CA, pp 688–694.
Taylor SJE et al (2003). HLA-Cspif panel on commercial off-the-shelf distributed simulation. In: Ferrin D, Morrice D, Sanchez P and Chick S (eds). Proceedings of the 2003 Winter Simulation Conference, 7–10 December, New Orleans, LA, pp 881–887.
Taylor SJE, Turner S and Low M (2004). A proposal for an entity transfer specification standard for COTS simulation package interoperation Proceedings of the 2004 European Simulation Interoperability Workshop. 28 June–1 July, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Taylor S et al (2006a). Developing interoperability standards for distributed simulation and COTS simulation packages with the CSPI PDG. In: Perrone LF et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2006 Winter Simulation Conference. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers: Piscataway, NJ, pp 1001–1110.
Taylor SJE, Wang X, Turner SJ and Low MYH (2006b). Integrating heterogeneous distributed COTS discrete-event simulation packages: An emerging standards-based approach. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man & Cybernetics 36 (1): 109–122.
Taylor SJE, Turner SJ and Straßburger S (2008). Guidelines for commercial off-the-shelf simulation package interoperability. In: Mason SJ et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2008 Winter Simulation Conference. Association for Computing Machinery Press: New York, NY, pp 193–204.
Taylor SJE et al (2009). Commercial-off-the-shelf simulation package interoperability: Issues and futures. In: Tew J, Barton R, Henderson J and Biller B et al (eds). Proceedings of the 2009 Winter Simulation Conference, 13–16 December, Washington, DC, USA.
Terkaj W, Tolio T and Valente A (2009). Designing manufacturing flexibility in dynamic production contexts. Design of Flexible Production Systems Methodologies and Tools. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg, pp 1–18.
Terzi S and Cavalieri S (2004). Simulation in the supply chain context: A survey. Computers in Industry 53 (1): 3–16.
Uygun Ö (2006). HLA-based distributed simulation model for integrated maintenance and production scheduling system in textile industry. International Symposium on Intelligent Manufacturing Systems.
Vàncza J, Egri P and Monostory L (2008). A coordination mechanism for rolling horizon planning in supply networks. CIRP Annals—Manufacturing Technology 57 (1): 455–458.
Wainer G et al (2010). Standardizing DEVS model representation. In: Discrete Event Modeling and Simulation: Theory and Applications. CRC Press.
Wang X, Turner SJ, Low MYH and Gan BP (2004). A Generic Architecture for the Integration of COTS Packages with the HLA. In: Robinson S and Taylor SJE (eds). Proceedings of the 2004 Operational Research Society Simulation Workshop. Association for Computing Machinery's—Special Interest Group for Simulation: Birmingham, UK, pp 225–233.
Wang X, Turner SJ and Taylor SJE (2006). COTS simulation package (CSP) interoperability—A solution to synchronous entity passing. Proceedings of the 20th International Workshop on Principles of Advanced and Distributed Simulation. IEEE Computer Society, pp 201–210.
Wang G, Chun J and Peng G (2007). Adapting arena into HLA: Approach and experiment [A]. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics [C]. Vol. 8, IEEE: Jinan, China, pp 1709–1713.
Wiendahl HP and Lutz S (2002). Production in networks. CIRP Annals—Manufacturing Technology 51 (2): 573–586.
Yuan Z and Zhang LM (2011). The viewable distributed simulation linkage development tool based on factory mechanism. Applied Mechanics and Materials 58 (60): 1813–1818.
Zacharewicz G et al (2008). G-DEVS/HLA environment for distributed simulations of workflows. SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International 84 (5): 197–213.
1516-2000 IEEE Standard for M&S—HLA—Framework and rules. IEEE Computer Society, 2000, pp 1–22.
1516-2000 IEEE Standard for M&S—HLA—Federate Interface Specification. IEEE Computer Society, 2000, pp 1–29.
1516-2000 IEEE Standard for M&S—HLA—Object Model Template (OMT). IEEE Computer Society, 2000, pp 1–30.
1516-2003 IEEE Recommended Practice for HLA FEDEP. IEEE Computer Society, 2003, pp 1–79.
Acknowledgements
The research reported in this paper has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No: NMP2 2010-228595, Virtual Factory Framework (VFF). The authors would like to thank Prof. S.J.E. Taylor for his on-going scientific support and Prof. S. Straßburger for the precious suggestions during the PADS workshop. Authors acknowledge Tenova Pomini for the definition of the industrial case.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pedrielli, G., Sacco, M., Terkaj, W. et al. An HLA-based distributed simulation for networked manufacturing systems analysis. J Simulation 6, 237–252 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1057/jos.2012.6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jos.2012.6
Keywords
- complex manufacturing systems
- discrete event simualtion
- distributed simulation
- HLA
- interoperability reference models