Skip to main content
Log in

Corporate governance influencing compliance with the Swedish Code of Corporate Governance

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Disclosure and Governance Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A code of corporate governance was introduced in Sweden in 2005. Although the code is mandatory, a company is allowed to override specific rules if it openly discloses the deviation and explains why it does not comply. The aim of this study is to explain how the governance structure, operationalized as the ownership structure, the board and the auditor, affects companies’ propensity to deviate from the Swedish Code. The empirical data in this study are based on the 2010 annual reports from 193 companies listed on the Stockholm Stock Exchange and data from the Swedish Corporate Governance Board. The findings show that concentrated ownership, smaller boards with directors with long tenure and audit firms with a high proportion of employees compared with partners increase the likelihood of deviance.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Alves, C. and Mendes, V. (2004) Corporate governance policy and company performance: The Portuguese case. Corporate Governance: An International Review 12 (3): 290–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson-Gough, F., Grey, C. and Robson, K. (2002) Accounting professionals and the accounting profession: Linking conduct and context. Accounting and Business Research 32 (1): 41–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andres, P. and Vallelado, E. (2008) Corporate governance in banking: The role of the board directors. Journal of Banking and Finance 32 (12): 25–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balachandran, B.V. and Ramakrishnan, R.T.S. (1987) A theory of audit partnerships: Audit firm size and fees. Journal of Accounting Research 25 (1): 111–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bammens, Y., Voordeckers, W. and Van Gils, A. (2011) Boards of directors in family businesses: A literature review and research agenda. International Journal of Management Reviews 13 (2): 134–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, C. (2004) The structural origins of conflicts of interest in the accounting profession. Business Ethics Quarterly 14 (3): 377–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broberg, P. (2013a) The auditor at work: A study of auditor practice in Big 4 audit firms. PhD dissertation, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.

  • Broberg, P. (2013b) What do auditors do? Mercury Magazine 2013–2014, Autumn/Winter (Special issue on the New Media Landscape) (5/6): 102–107.

  • Broberg, P., Collin, S-O., Tagesson, T., Axelsson, M. and Schéle, C. (2011) Why reduce profit? Accounting choice of impairments in Swedish listed corporations. International Journal of Accounting and Finance 3 (1): 49–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broberg, P., Tagesson, T. and Collin, S-O. (2009) What explains variation in voluntary disclosures? A study of annual reports from corporations listed at the Stockholm Stock Exchange. Journal of Management and Governance 14 (4): 351–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Broberg, P., Umans, T. and Gerlofstig, C. (2013) Balance between auditing and marketing: An explorative study. Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation 22 (1): 57–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, B.G. (1995) Accounting, ambiguity, and the new institutionalism. Accounting, Organization and Society 20 (4): 313–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collin, S-O. (2008) The board’s functional emphasis: A contingency approach. Corporate Ownership & Control 6 (2): 73–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collin, S-O. and Smith, E. (2007) Window of entrepreneurship: Explaining the influence of corporate governance mechanisms on corporate entrepreneurship in two riding schools. International Journal of Entrepreneurship & Small Business 4 (2): 122–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collin, S-O. and Tagesson, T. (2010) Governance strategies in local government: A study of the governance of municipal corporations in a Swedish municipality. International Journal of Public Policy 5 (4): 373–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collin, S-O., Tagesson, T., Andersson, A., Cato, J. and Hansson, K. (2009) Explaining the choice of accounting standards in municipal corporations. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 20 (2): 141–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Combs, J.G. and Skill, M.S. (2003) Managerialist and human capital explanations for key executive pay premiums: A contingency perspective. Academy of Management Journal 46 (1): 63–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Connelly, B. L., Tihanyi, L., Crook, T. R. and Gangloff, K.A. (2013) Tournament theory: Thirty years of contests and competitions. Journal of Management 40 (1): 16–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cormier, D., Magnan, M. and Van Velthoven, B. (2005) Environmental disclosure quality in large German companies: Economic incentives, public pressures or institutional conditions? European Accounting Review 14 (1): 3–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeAngelo, L.E. (1981) Auditor size and auditor quality. Journal of Accounting and Economics 3 (3): 183–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dezalay, Y. (1995) ‘Turf battles’ or ‘class struggles’: The internationalisation of the market for expertise in the ‘professional society’. Accounting, Organizations and Society 20 (5): 331–344.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiMaggio, P.J. and Powell, W.W. (1983) The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. American Sociological Review 48 (2): 147–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drobertz, W., Schillhofer, A. and Zimmerman, H. (2004) Corporate governance and expected stock returns: Evidence from Germany. European Financial Management 10 (2): 267–293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dyl, E.A., Elliott, W.B. and Handley, J.C. (2002) Do share prices matter? Accounting and Finance 42 (3): 225–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elsayed, K. (2011) Board size and corporate performance. Journal of Management and Governance 15 (3): 415–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Falkman, P. and Tagesson, T. (2008) Accrual accounting does not necessarily mean accrual accounting: Factors that counteract compliance with accounting standards in Swedish municipal accounting. Scandinavian Journal of Management 24 (3): 271–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Rodrígues, E., Gomez-Ansón, S. and Cuervo-García, A. (2004) The stock market reaction to the introduction of best practice codes by Spanish firms. Corporate Governance: An International Review 12 (1): 29–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsberg, P. and Westerdahl, S. (2007) For the sake of serving the broader community – Sea piloting compared with auditing. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 18 (7): 781–804.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, J.R. and Krishnan, J. (1999) Accounting accruals and auditor reporting conservatism. Contemporary Accounting Research 16 (1): 135–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, J.R and Wilson, E.R. (1988) Auditor changes: A joint test of theories relating to agency costs and auditor differentiation. The Accounting Review 63 (4): 663–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwood, R. and Empson, L. (2003) The professional partnership: Relic or exemplary form of governance? Organization Studies 24 (6): 909–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, L.G. and Idson, T.L. (1995) Executive compensation and agency effects. The Financial Review 30 (2): 313–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanlon, G. (1998) Professionalism as enterprise: Service class politics and the redefinition of professionalism. Sociology 32 (1): 43–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hillman, A.J. and Dalziel, T. (2003) Boards of directors and firm performance: Integrating agency and resource-dependence perspectives. Academy of Management Review 28 (3): 383–396.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hooghiemstra, R. and van Ees, H. (2011) Uniformity as a response to soft law: Evidence from compliance and non-compliance with the Dutch corporate governance code. Regulation & Governance 5 (4): 480–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopwood, A.G. (1998) Exploring the modern audit firm: An introduction. Accounting, Organizations and Society 23 (5–6): 515–516.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hossain, M., Perera, M.H.B. and Rahman, A.R. (1995) Voluntary disclosure in the annual reports of New Zealand firms. Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting 6 (1): 69–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartwig, F. (2013) Swedish and Dutch listed companies’ compliance with IAS 36 paragraph 134, International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, advance online publication 14 November, doi:10.1057/jdg.2013.33.

  • Huse, M. (2007) Boards, Governance and Value Creation Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, M. and Meckling, W. (1976) Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs, and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics 3 (4): 305–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jansson, A. (2013) ‘Real owners’ and ‘common investors’: Institutional logics and the media as a governance mechanism. Corporate Governance: An International Review 21 (1): 7–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judge Jr. W.Q. and Zeithaml, C.P. (1992) Institutional and strategic choice perspectives on board involvement in the strategic decision process. Academy of Management Journal 35 (4): 766–794.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R. (1987) Accountant liability and audit failures: When the umpire strikes out. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy 6 (1): 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kollegiet för Svensk Bolagsstyrning (2011) Årsrapport 2011 [The Swedish Corporate Governance Board, Annual Report 2011], http://www.bolagsstyrning.se/, accessed 19 March 2013.

  • Lennox, C. (2005) Audit quality and executive officers’ affiliations with CPA firms. Journal of Accounting and Economics 39 (2): 201–231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lexander, R. and Öggesjö, M. (2011) Partnerskapets påverkan [The influence of the partnership]. Master’s dissertation, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden.

  • Lubatkin, M., Lane, P.J., Collin, S-O. and Very, P. (2007) An embeddedness framing of governance and opportunism: Towards a cross-nationally accommodating theory of agency. Journal of Organizational Behavior 28 (1): 43–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mak, Y.T. and Li, Y. (2001) Determinants of corporate ownership and board structure: Evidence from Singapore. Journal of Corporate Finance 7 (3): 235–256.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen, S. and Huse, M. (2010) The contribution of women on boards of directors: Going beyond the surface. Corporate Governance: An International Review 18 (2): 136–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, M. and Ansic, D. (1997) Gender difference in the risk behavior of financial decision making: An experimental analysis. Journal of Economic Psychology 18 (6): 605–628.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Randøy, T. and Nielsen, J. (2002) Company performance, corporate governance and CEO compensation in Norway and Sweden. Journal of Management and Governance 6 (1): 57–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, S.J. (2006) A neurocognitive model of the ethical decision-making process: Implications for study and practice. Journal of Applied Psychology 91 (4): 737–748.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, M. and Weinhold, W. (1988) Corporate Takeovers: Financial Boom or Organizational Bust?. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schleifer, A. and Vishny, R. (1997) A survey of corporate governance. Journal of Finance 52 (2): 737–783.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seidl, D., Sanderson, P. and Roberts, J. (2013) Applying the ‘comply-or-explain’ principle: Discursive legitimacy tactics with regard to codes of corporate governance. Journal of Management and Governance 17 (3): 791–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sevenius, R. (2007) Bolagsstyrning [Corporate Governance]. Studentlitteratur: Stockholm, Sweden.

    Google Scholar 

  • SOU (2004) 130 Statens Offentliga Utredning 2004, 130. Svensk kod för bolagsstyrning [The Swedish Code for corporate governance].

  • Suddaby, R., Gendron, Y. and Lam, H (2009) The organizational context of professionalism in accounting. Accounting, Organizations and Society 34 (3–4): 409–427.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svernlöv, C. (2005) Kodens regler om finansiell rapportering och revision [The code’s rules on financial reporting and auditing]. Balans 3.

  • Tagesson, T. and Öhman, P. (2015) To be or not to be: Auditors’ ability to signal going concern problems. Journal of Accounting and Organizational Change 11 (2): 175–192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Talaulicar, T. and v. Werder, A. (2008) Patterns of complance with the German corporate governance code. Corporate Governance: An International Review 16 (4): 255–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. N. (1975) Age and experience as determinants of managerial information processing and decision-making performance. Academy of Management Journal 18 (1): 74–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, S. (2006) The hidden meaning of codes: Corporate governance and investor rent seeking. European Business Organization Law Review 7 (4): 845–861.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torchia, M., Calabrò, A., Huse, M. and Brogi, M. (2010) Critical mass theory and women directors’ contribution to board strategic tasks. Corporate Board: Role, Duties & Composition 6 (3): 42–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, S.R. and Rittenburg, T.L. (2007) The ethical decision making of men and women executives in international business situations. Journal of Business Ethics 71 (2): 125–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Lent, L. (1999) The economics of an audit firm: The benefits of partnership governance. British Accounting Review 31 (2): 225–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • v. Werder, A., Talaulicar, T. and Kolsy, G.L. (2005) Compliance with the German corporate governance code: An empirical analysis of the compliance statements by German listed companies. Corporate Governance: An International Review 13 (2): 178–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watson, J. and Robinson, S. (2003) Adjusting for risk in comparing the performance of male- and female-controlled SMEs. Journal of Business Venturing 18 (6): 773–788.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watts, R.L. and Zimmerman, J.L. (1986) Positive Accounting Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yermack, D. (1995) Do corporations award CEO stock-options effectively. Journal of Financial Economics 39 (2–3): 237–269.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahra, S.A., Neubaum, D.O. and Huse, M. (2000) Entrepreneurship in medium-size companies: Exploring the effects of ownership and governance systems. Journal of Management 26 (5): 947–977.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zattoni, A. and Cuomo, F. (2008) Why adopt codes of good governance? A comparison of institutional and efficiency perspectives. Corporate Governance: An International Review 16 (1): 1–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author appreciates comments on an earlier draft of this article from participants at the American Accounting Association Annual Meeting, 2011 in Denver, Colorado. The article has also benefited from constructive comments and criticism from the editor and anonymous reviewers. The study would not have been feasible without the help on data access from the Swedish Corporate Governance Board and funding from the Torsten Söderberg Foundation.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Torbjörn Tagesson.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tagesson, T., Collin, SO. Corporate governance influencing compliance with the Swedish Code of Corporate Governance. Int J Discl Gov 13, 262–277 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1057/jdg.2015.15

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/jdg.2015.15

Keywords

Navigation