Abstract
This study explores the differential benefits of media reputation for young firms obtaining venture capital (VC) under different levels of technical and market uncertainty. The analyses of the media reputation and VC funding of 414 information technology firms show that media reputation has a positive effect on the amount of VC funding they receive. This effect is particularly pronounced under conditions of market optimism, when VC investors are pressed to disburse more capital and to evaluate a larger number of young firms in a short period of time. The study contributes to reputation research and practice by drawing attention to the contingent benefits of reputation depending on the industry context in which stakeholders evaluate and compare competing firms.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
As the majority of media articles in this study (97.5 percent) were neutral in tone, it was not possible to create a meaningful measure of media tenor as prior studies of the media reputation of older and more established firms have done (eg, Deephouse, 2000; Greenwood et al., 2005; Pollock and Rindova, 2003).
References
Aldrich, H. (2000) Organizations Evolving, Sage, London.
Aldrich, H.E. and Fiol, C.M. (1994) ‘Fools rush in? The institutional context of industry creation’, Academy of Management Review, 19 (4), 645–670.
Barnett, M.L., Jermier, J.M. and Lafferty, B.A. (2006) ‘Corporate reputation: The definitional landscape’, Corporate Reputation Review, 9 (1), 285–303.
Baum, J.A.C. and Silverman, B.S. (2004) ‘Picking winners or building them? Alliance, intellectual, and human capital as selection criteria in venture financing and performance of biotechnology startups’, Journal of Business Venturing, 19 (3), 411–436.
Bazerman, M.H. (2001) Judgment in Managerial Decision Making, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Beckman, C.M., Haunschild, P.R. and Phillips, D.J. (2004) ‘Friends or strangers? Firm-specific uncertainty, market uncertainty, and network partner selection’, Organization Science, 15 (3), 259–275.
Benjamin, B.A. and Podolny, J.M. (1999) ‘Status, quality, and social order in the California wine industry’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (3), 563–589.
Berger, J., Sorensen, A.T. and Rasmussen, S.J. (2010) ‘Positive effects of negative publicity: When negative reviews increase sales’, Marketing Science, 29 (5), 815–827.
Bromley, D.B. (2000) ‘Psychological aspects of corporate identity, image, and reputation’, Corporate Reputation Review, 3 (3), 240–252.
Burgers, W.P., Hill, C.W.L. and Kim, W.C. (1993) ‘A theory of global strategic alliances: The case of the global auto industry’, Strategic Management Journal, 14 (6), 419–432.
Carroll, C.E. (2010) ‘Should firms circumvent or work through the news media?’ Public Relations Review, 36 (3), 278–280.
Carroll, C.E. (2013) ‘Corporate reputation and the disciplines of journalism and mass communication’, in, C.E. Carroll (ed.), The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Reputation, Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester, UK, pp. 121–129.
Carroll, C.E. and McCombs, M. (2003) ‘Agenda-setting effects of business news on the public’s images and opinions about major corporations’, Corporate Reputation Review, 6 (1), 36–46.
Chen, C.C. and Meindl, J.R. (1991) ‘The construction of leadership images in the popular press: The case of Donald Burr and People Express’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 36 (4), 521–551.
Cohen, B. (1963) The Press and Foreign Policy, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Courtney, H. (2001) 20/20 Foresight: Crafting Strategy in an Uncertain World, Harvard Business School Press, Boston, MA.
De Clercq, D., Fried, V., Lehtonen, O. and Sapienza, H.J. (2006) ‘An entrepreneur’s guide to the venture capital galaxy’, Academy of Management Perspectives, 20 (3), 90–112.
Deeds, D.L., Mang, P.Y. and Frandsen, M.L. (2004) ‘The influence of firms’ and industries’ legitimacy on the flow of capital into high-technology ventures’, Strategic Organization, 2 (1), 9–34.
Deephouse, D. (2000) ‘Media reputation as a strategic resource: An integration of mass communication and resource-based theories’, Journal of Management, 26 (6), 1091–1112.
Diamond, D.W. (1989) ‘Reputation acquisition in debt markets’, Journal of Political Economy, 97 (4), 828–862.
Dixit, A. and Pindyck, R. (1994) Investment Under Uncertainty, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
Dutton, J.E. and Dukerich, J.M. (1991) ‘Keeping an eye on the mirror: Image and identity in organizational adaptation’, Academy of Management Journal, 34 (3), 517–554.
Einwiller, S.A., Carroll, C.E. and Korn, K. (2010) ‘Under what conditions do the news media influence corporate reputation? The roles of media dependency and need for orientation’, Corporate Reputation Review, 12 (4), 299–315.
Fischer, E. and Reuber, A.R. (2007) ‘The good, the bad, and the unfamiliar: The challenges of reputation formation facing new firms’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31 (1), 53–75.
Fombrun, C.J. (1996) Reputation: Realizing Value from the Corporate Image, Harvard Business School Press, Boston.
Fombrun, C. (2012) ‘The vast theoretical landscape of corporate reputation: A top ten list’, in, M. Barnett and T. Pollock (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 94–113.
Fombrun, C.J. and Shanley, M. (1990) ‘What’s in a name? Reputation building and corporate strategy’, Academy of Management Journal, 33 (2), 233–258.
Gibson, D., Gonzales, J.L. and Castanon, J. (2006) ‘The importance of reputation and the role of public relations’, Public Relations Quarterly, 51 (3), 15–18.
Goldfarb, B., Kirsch, D. and Miller, D. (2007) ‘Was there too little entry in the Dot Com era?’ Journal of Financial Economics, 86 (1), 100–144.
Gompers, P.A. and Lerner, J. (1999) The Venture Capital Cycle, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Greenwood, R., Li, S.X., Prakash, R. and Deephouse, D.L. (2005) ‘Reputation, diversification, and organizational explanations of performance in professional service firms’, Organization Science, 16 (6), 661–673.
Gulati, R. and Higgins, M.C. (2003) ‘Which ties matter when? The contingent effects of interorganziational partnerships on IPO success’, Strategic Management Journal, 24 (2), 127–144.
Hall, R. (1993) ‘A framework linking intangible resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage’, Strategic Management Journal, 14 (8), 607–618.
Higgins, M.C. and Gulati, R. (2003) ‘Getting off to a good start: The effects of upper echelon affiliations on underwriter prestige’, Organization Science, 14 (3), 244–263.
Hilgartner, S. and Bosk, C.L. (1988) ‘The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model’, American Journal of Sociology, 94 (1), 53–78.
Hsu, D. (2004) ‘What do entrepreneurs pay for venture capital affiliation?’ Journal of Finance, 59 (4), 1805–1844.
Jensen, M. and Roy, A. (2008) ‘Staging exchange partner choices: When do status and reputation matter?’ Academy of Management Journal, 51 (3), 495–516.
Kennedy, M.T. (2005) ‘Behind the one-way mirror: Refraction in the construction of product market categories’, Poetics, 33 (3–4), 201–226.
Kennedy, M.T. (2008) ‘Getting counted: Markets, media, and reality’, American Sociological Review, 73 (2), 270–295.
King, B.G. and Whetten, D.A. (2008) ‘Rethinking the relationship between reputation and legitimacy: A Social actor conceptualization’, Corporate Reputation Review, 11 (3), 192–207.
Kotha, S., Rindova, V.P. and Rothaermel, F.T. (2001) ‘Assets and actions: Firm-specific factors in the internationalization of US internet firms’, Journal of International Business Studies, 32 (4), 769–792.
Leblebici, H. and Salancik, G.R. (1981) ‘Effects of environmental uncertainty on information and decision processes in banks’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 26 (4), 578–596.
Lounsbury, M. and Glynn, M.A. (2001) ‘Cultural entrepreneurship: Stories, legitimacy, and the acquisition of resources’, Strategic Management Journal, 22 (6–7), 545–564.
McGrath, R.G. (1997) ‘A real options logic for initiating technology positioning investments’, Academy of Management Review, 22 (4), 974–996.
Petkova, A.P. (2012) ‘From the ground up: Building young firms’ reputations’, in, M.L. Barnett and T.G. Pollock (eds.), Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 383–401.
Petkova, A.P., Rindova, V.P. and Gupta, A.K. (2008) ‘How can new ventures build reputation? An exploratory study’, Corporate Reputation Review, 11 (4), 320–334.
Petkova, A.P., Rindova, V.P. and Gupta, A.K. (2013) ‘No news is bad news: Sensegiving activities, media attention, and venture capital funding of new technology organizations’, Organization Science, 24 (3), 865–888.
Petkova, A.P., Wadhwa, A., Yao, X. and Jain, S. (2014) ‘Reputation and decision making under ambiguity: A study of U.S. venture capital firms’ investments in the clean energy sector’, Academy of Management Journal, 57 (2), 442–448.
Pfarrer, M.D., Pollock, T.G. and Rindova, V.P. (2010) ‘A tale of two assets: The effects of firm reputation and celebrity on earnings surprises and investors’ reactions’, Academy of Management Journal, 53 (5), 1131–1152.
Podolny, J.M. (1994) ‘Market uncertainty and the social character of economic exchange’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 39 (3), 458–483.
Pollock, T.G. and Gulati, R. (2007) ‘Standing out from the crowd: The visibility-enhancing effects of IPO-related signals on alliance formations by entrepreneurial firms’, Strategic Organization, 5 (4), 339–372.
Pollock, T. and Rindova, V. (2003) ‘Media legitimation effects in the market for initial public offerings’, Academy of Management Journal, 46 (5), 631–642.
Pollock, T.G., Rindova, V.P. and Maggitti, P.G. (2008) ‘Market watch: Information and availability cascades among the media and investors in the IPO market’, Academy of Management Journal, 51 (2), 335–358.
Powell, W.W. (1996) ‘Inter-organizational collaboration in the biotechnology industry’, Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 152 (1), 197–225.
Rao, H. (1994) ‘The social construction of reputation: Certification contests, legitimation, and the survival of organizations in the American automobile industry: 1895–1912’, Strategic Management Journal, 15 (S1), 29–44.
Reuber, A.R. and Fischer, E. (2005) ‘The company you keep: How young firms in different competitive contexts signal reputation through their customers’, Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 29 (1), 57–78.
Reuber, A.R. and Fischer, E. (2007) ‘Don’t rest on your laurels: Reputational change and young technology-based ventures’, Journal of Business Venturing, 22 (3), 363–387.
Rhee, M. and Haunschild, P.R. (2006) ‘The liability of good reputation: A study of product recalls in the U.S. automobile industry’, Organization Science, 17 (1), 101–117.
Rindova, V.P. and Fombrun, C.J. (1999) ‘Constructing competitive advantage: The role of firm-constituent interactions’, Strategic Management Journal, 20 (8), 691–710.
Rindova, V.P. and Petkova, A.P. (2007) ‘When is a new thing a good thing? Technological change, product form design and perceptions of value for product innovations’, Organization Science, 18 (2), 217–232.
Rindova, V.P., Petkova, A.P. and Kotha, S. (2007) ‘Standing out: How new firms in emerging markets build reputation in the media’, Strategic Organization, 5 (1), 31–70.
Rindova, V.P., Williamson, I.O., Petkova, A.P. and Sever, J.M. (2005) ‘Being good or being known: An empirical examination of the dimensions, antecedents, and consequences of organizational reputation’, Academy of Management Journal, 48 (6), 1033–1049.
Roberts, P.W. and Dowling, G.R. (2002) ‘Corporate reputation and sustained superior financial performance’, Strategic Management Journal, 23 (12), 1077–1093.
Rosa, J.A., Porac, J.F., Runser-Spanjol, J. and Saxon, M.S. (1999) ‘Sociocognitive dynamics in a product market’, Journal of Marketing, 63 (4), 64–77.
Sapienza, H.J. and Gupta, A.K. (1994) ‘Impact of agency risk and task uncertainty on venture capitalist-CEO interaction’, Academy of Management Journal, 37 (6), 1618–1632.
Schoonhoven, C.B., Eisenhardt, K.M. and Lyman, K. (1990) ‘Speeding products to market: Waiting time to first product introduction in new firms’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35 (1), 177–207.
Sine, W.D., Haveman, H.A. and Tolbert, P.A. (2005) ‘Risky business: Entrepreneurship in the new independent-power sector’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 50 (2), 200–232.
Standifird, S.S. (2001) ‘Reputation and e-commerce: eBay auctions and the asymmetrical impact of positive and negative ratings’, Journal of Management, 27 (3), 279–295.
Starbuck, W.H. and Milliken, F.J. (1988) ‘Executives’ perceptual filters: What they notice and how they make sense’, in, D.C. Hambrick (ed.), The Executive Effects: Concepts and Methods for Studying Top Managers, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 35–65.
Stuart, T.E., Hoang, H. and Hybels, R.C. (1999) ‘Interorganizational endorsements and the performance of entrepreneurial ventures’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 44 (2), 315–349.
Tushman, M.L. and Anderson, P. (1986) ‘Technological discontinuities and organizational environment’, Administrative Science Quarterly, 31 (3), 439–465.
van Riel, C.B.M. and Fombrun, C.J. (2007) Essentials of Corporate Reputation: Implementing Practices for Effective Reputation Management, Routledge, New York, NY.
Wade, J.B., Porac, J.F., Pollock, T.G. and Graffin, S.D. (2008) ‘Star CEOs: Benefit or burden?’ Organizational Dynamics, 37 (2), 203–210.
Walker, K. (2010) ‘A systematic review of the corporate reputation literature: Definition, measurement, and theory’, Corporate Reputation Review, 12 (4), 357–387.
Wartick, S.L. (2002) ‘Measuring corporate reputation: Definition and Data’, Business and Society, 41 (4), 371–392.
Wasserman, N. (2003) ‘Founder-CEO succession and the paradox of entrepreneurial success’, Organization Science, 14 (2), 149–172.
Weigelt, K. and Camerer, C. (1988) ‘Reputation and corporate strategy: A review of recent theory and applications’, Strategic Management Journal, 9 (5), 443–454.
Whittington, R. and Yakis-Douglas, B. (2012) ‘Strategic disclosure: Prospective reputation management’, in, M. Barnett and T. Pollock (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Reputation, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 402–419.
Williamson, I.O. (2000) ‘Employer legitimacy and recruitment success in small business’, Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, 25 (1), 27–42.
Williamson, I.O., Cable, D.M. and Aldrich, H. (2002) ‘Smaller but not necessarily weaker: How small businesses can overcome barriers to recruitment’, in, J. Katz and T. Welbourne (eds.), Advances in Entrepreneurship, Firm Emergence, and Firm Growth Vol. 5 JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, pp. 83–106.
Acknowledgements
This paper has benefited from the helpful comments and suggestions of an anonymous CRR reviewer and the participants at the Western Academy of Management annual meeting.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Petkova, A. How to Judge What Can’t be Seen and Touched? The Contingent Effect of Media Reputation on Young Firms’ Access to Venture Capital. Corp Reputation Rev 17, 273–289 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2014.16
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/crr.2014.16