Place Branding and Public Diplomacy

, Volume 11, Issue 2, pp 111–124 | Cite as

Taking the new public diplomacy online: Russia and China

  • Greg Simons
Original Article

Abstract

Russia and China have become significant players in terms of their activity within public diplomacy (PD), in a relatively short space of time. This article seeks to address the way these two countries manage the concept and practice of PD in an online communication environment (namely, Websites and social media). Cases will be used to illustrate how this is managed in practice. The case of the South China Seas dispute and the Ukrainian crisis will be used to demonstrate how these difficult issues are managed. There are a number of similarities between the two countries, but also some significant differences. Russia tends to express communication in terms of competing sets of norms and values, whereas the values and ideological concepts are more rigidly defined within the Chinese case.

Keywords

Russia China online communication issue management public diplomacy 

References

  1. Blade. (2012) Assange interviews Hezbollah chief in TV debut, France 24, 17 April, http://www.france24.com/en/20120417-assange-interviews-hezbollah-chief-tv-debut, accessed 19 April 2012.
  2. Chu, H. (2012) Why Is China’s sovereignty over the South China Sea challenged frequently?, China Today, 19 September, http://www.chinatoday.com.cn/ctenglish/se/txt/2012-09/19/content_484388.htm, accessed 17 December 2014.
  3. Costigan, S.S. and Perry, J. (eds.) (2012) Cyberspaces and Global Affairs. Farnham, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
  4. CNTV English Language Homepage. http://english.cntv.cn/01/index.shtml, accessed 5 February 2012.
  5. Cull, N. (2009) Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past. Los Angeles, CA: Figueroa Press.Google Scholar
  6. D’Hooghe, I. (July 2007) The Rise of China’s Public Diplomacy. Discussion Papers in Diplomacy, the Hague, the Netherlands, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael.Google Scholar
  7. D’Hooghe, I. (October 2014) China’s Public Diplomacy. Diplomatic Series volume 10 Lieden, the Netherlands: Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Global Times. (2012) South China Sea is not US playground, 6 August, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/725441.shtml, accessed 17 December 2014.Google Scholar
  9. Jiechi, Y. (2011) China’s public diplomacy, Qiushi Journal: Organ of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, 3(3), 1 July, http://english.qstheory.cn/international/201109/t20110924_112601.htm, accessed 3 February 2012.
  10. Jurgens, I. (2011) The tough call of soft power, Rossiskaya Gazeta, Federal Edition 16 September, №5583 (207). Юргенс, И., Жесткий вызов ‘мягкой силы’, ‘Российская газета’ – Федеральный выпуск №5583 (207), http://www.rg.ru/2011/09/16/yurgens.html, accessed 7 November 2011.
  11. Kallio, J. (2012) Watching a Dragon’s Egg Hatch: The Makings of a Sinocentric World? Working Paper 74, Helsinki, Finland, The Finnish Institute of International Affairs.Google Scholar
  12. Kupchinsky, R. (2009) Russia’s hired lobbies in the West, 3 August, The Jamestown Foundation, http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=35351, accessed 8 February 2011.
  13. Kurlantzick, J. (2006) China’s charm: Implications of Chinese soft power Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Policy Brief (47, June).Google Scholar
  14. Loo, T. and Davies, G. (2006) Branding China: The ultimate challenge in reputation management? Corporate Reputation Review 9 (3): 198–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. McPhail, T.L. (2010) Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders and Trends, 3rd edn. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
  16. Melissen, J. (ed.) (2005) The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. People’s Daily Online. (2011) Public diplomacy to improve China’s image in the world, 19 September, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90882/7599052.html, accessed 3 February 2012.
  18. People’s Daily Online. (2011b) China needs public diplomacy strategy for cyberspace, 31 May, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91342/7396388.html, accessed 3 February 2012.
  19. People’s Daily Online. (2014a) China calls for joint efforts to safeguard stability in South China Sea, 15 December, http://en.people.cn/n/2014/1215/c90883-8823145.html, accessed 17 December 2014.
  20. People’s Daily Online. (2014b) Spotlight: What has really happened in South China Sea?, 15 December, http://en.people.cn/n/2014/1215/c90883-8823000.html, accessed 17 December 2014.
  21. RIA Novosti. (2011) RIA Novosti launches Russia brand page on Facebook, 11 October, http://en.rian.ru/agency_news/20111011/167568347.html, accessed 22 October 2011.
  22. RT. (2014a) Russia overestimated EU’s independence from US – Lavrov to French media, 16 December, http://rt.com/politics/official-word/214923-russia-eu-independence-lavrov/, accessed 17 December 2014.
  23. RT. (2014b) Putin: ‘Supporting Russophobia in Ukraine will result in catastrophe’, 16 November, http://rt.com/politics/official-word/206051-putin-russophobia-ukraine-nato/, accessed 17 December 2014.
  24. RT. (2014c) Ukrainian battalion leader-turned-MP ready to 'organize blasts in Russia', 2 November, http://rt.com/news/201703-ukraine-mp-bombing-russia/, accessed 17 December 2014.
  25. Russia Beyond the Headlines. (2014) Russia wants donbass to remain part of Ukraine – Lavrov, 15 December, http://rbth.com/news/2014/12/15/russia_wants_donbass_to_remain_part_of_ukraine_-_lavrov_42265.html, accessed 17 December 2014.
  26. Russia Today. (2011) Corporate profile – RT about 11 February, http://rt.com/about-us, accessed 11 February 2011.
  27. Seib, P. (ed.) (2009) Towards A New Public Diplomacy: Re-directing U.S. Foreign Policy. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Seib, P. (2012) Real-Time Diplomacy: Politics and Power in the Social Media Era. New York: Palgrave-MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Simons, G. (October 2013) Nation branding and Russian foreign policy, UI Occasional Papers, #21, http://www.ui.se/eng/upl/files/97515.pdf).
  30. Simons, G. (Summer/Fall 2011) Attempting to rebrand the branded: Russia’s international image in the 21st century. Russian Journal of Communication 4 (Nos. 3/4): 322–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Sputnik International. (2014) Ukrainian armed forces receive winter clothing from UK: Defence Ministry, 17 December, http://sputniknews.com/europe/20141217/1015931819.html, accessed 17 December 2014.
  32. Thussu, D.K. (2010) International Communication: Continuity and Change. 2nd edn. London: Bloomsbury Academic.Google Scholar
  33. Wang, J. (2006) Managing national reputation and international relations in the global era: Public diplomacy revisited. Public Relations Review. 32 91–96.Google Scholar
  34. World Public Opinion.Org. (2011) Views of US continue to improve in 2011 BBC country rating poll, 7 March, http://www.worldpublicopinion.org/pipa/articles/views_on_countriesregions_bt/680.php?nid=&id=&pnt=680&lb=, accessed 22 October 2011.
  35. Yasmann, V. (2006) Analysis: Russia gears up to improve its image abroad, Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, 31 March, http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1067286.html, accessed 9 February 2011.
  36. Zhang, J. (2008) Making sense of the changes in China’s public diplomacy: Direction of information flow and messages. Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 4 (4): 303–316.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Zhang, J. (2014) China rejects U.S. stance on South China Sea, CCTV, 9 December, http://english.cntv.cn/2014/12/09/ARTI1418128609864454.shtml, accessed 17 December 2014.

Copyright information

© Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2015

Authors and Affiliations

  • Greg Simons
    • 1
  1. 1.Uppsala Centre for Russian and Eurasian Studies, Uppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden

Personalised recommendations