The Fate of Territorial Engineering: Mechanisms of Territorial Power and Post-Liberal Forms of International Governance
- 35 Downloads
- 4 Citations
Abstract
Does there exist a genuine threat to the continuation of a broadly liberal international (and domestic) order, driven by the re-emergence of religious and secular fundamentalisms? This article assesses this issue in the context of first the rise of territorial power and then its fate in a period of globalization and the revival of religious intolerance. The twin concepts of sovereign-power and bio-power are deployed to investigate the emergence of territorial engineering in the 17th century. A key feature of modern fundamentalisms is that they promote and trade on the deterritorialization of social, political, cultural and economic activity. It is argued that this is a manifestation of a new form of ‘spirited martial power’. The risks associated with these developments should not be over-exaggerated but they exist nonetheless. If this is the case, the problem becomes one of how to re-territorialize the activities and disputes engendered by this reappearance and re-emergence of spirited martial power in the international system, with all its attendant links to religious fundamentalisms. Here the argument is that this requires a re-examination of the nature of international borders, and indeed a re-emphasis on their role, not just in respect to containing disorder and restoring the capacity for governance, but also as a way of re-configuring international toleration and of righting a wrong.
Keywords
territorial borders tolerance international system liberal governance sovereign-power bio-powerReferences
- Abbott, A. (ed.) (2001) ‘Things of Boundaries’, in Time Matters: On Theory and Method, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
- Agamben, G. (1998) Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Alesina, A. and Spolaore, E. (2003) The Size of Nations, Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Alesina, A., Spolaore, E. and Wacziarg, R. (2003) ‘Trade, Growth and the Size of Countries’, HIER Discussion Paper Number 1995, January.Google Scholar
- Ali, T. (2002) The Clash of Fundamentalisms: Crusades, Jihads and Modernity, London: Verso.Google Scholar
- Asad, T. (2003) Foundations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
- Auvinen, J. and Nafziger, E.W. (1999) ‘The Sources of Humanitarian Emergencies’, Journal of Conflict Resolution 42 (3): 267–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Auvinen, J. and Nafziger, E.W. (2003) Economic Development, Inequality and War, Basingstoke: Palgrave.Google Scholar
- Baldwin, T. (1992) ‘The Territorial State’, in H. Gross and R. Harrison (eds.) Jurisprudence: Cambridge Essays, Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
- Berman, P. (2003) Terror and Liberalism, New York: W.W. Norton & Company.Google Scholar
- Creppell, I. (2003) Toleration and Identity: Foundations in Early Modern Thought, London: Routledge.Google Scholar
- Foucault, M. (1978) The History of Sexuality Volume 1: An Introduction, London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar
- Foucault, M. (1981) ‘Omnes et singulatem: Towards a Criticism of “Political Reason”’, in S. McMurrin (ed.) Tanner Lectures on Human Values Volume II, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
- Foucault, M. (2003) ‘Society Must Be Defended’ (Lectures at the College de France 1975–76), New York: Picador.Google Scholar
- Forst, R. (2004) ‘The Limits of Toleration’, Constellations 11 (3): 312–325.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Geuss, R. (2002) ‘Liberalism and its Discontents’, Political Theory 30 (3): 320–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gray, J. (2000) Two Faces of Liberalism, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Gunaranta, R. (2002) Inside Al Qaeda: Global Network of Terror, London: Hurst and Co.Google Scholar
- Hardt, M. and Negri, A. (2000) Empire, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Hindess, B. (1996) Discourses of Power: From Hobbes to Foucault, Basil Blackwell: Oxford.Google Scholar
- Hirst, P. (2003) ‘The Future of Political Studies’, European Political Science 3 (1): 47–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Holmström, B. and Roberts, J. (1998) ‘The Boundaries of the Firm Revisited’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 1 (4): 7–9.Google Scholar
- Hunter, I. (2002) Rival Enlightenments: Civil and Metaphysical Philosophy in Early Modern Germany, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Huntingdon, S.P. (1996) The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York: Simon Schuster.Google Scholar
- Huntingdon, S.P. (2004) ‘The Hispanic Challenge’, Foreign Policy March/April (141): 31–45.Google Scholar
- Ignatieff, M. (1997) The Warrior's Honor: Ethnic War and the Modern Conscience, New York: Metropolitan Books.Google Scholar
- Juergensmeyer, M. (2003) Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
- Kearney, M. (2004) ‘The Classifying and Value-filtering Missions of Borders’, Anthropological Theory 4 (2): 131–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Marcuse, H. (1965) ‘Repressive Tolerance’, in R.P. Wolff, J. Barrington Moore and H. Marcues (eds.) A Critique of Pure Tolerance, Boston: Beacon Books.Google Scholar
- Marty, M.E. and Appleby, R.S. (1991–1994) Fundamentalisms Observed, Vols. 1–4, Chicago: Chicago University Press.Google Scholar
- Mukerji, C. (1997) Territorial Ambitions and the Gardens of Versailles, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
- Oestreich, G. (1982) Neostoicism and the Early Modern State, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rancière, J. (1999) Dis-Agreement: Politics and Philosophy, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
- Rawls, J. (1999) The Law of Peoples, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
- Ricoeur, P. (ed.) (1996) Tolerance between Intolerance and the Intolerable, Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar
- Rieger, E. and Leibfried, S. (2003) Limits to Globalization, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Rosenberg, J. (2005) ‘Globalization Theory: A Post-Mortem’, International Politics 42 (1): 2–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ruthven, M. (2004) Fundamentalism: The Search for Meaning, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- Sageman, M. (2004) Understanding Terror Networks, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Saunders, D. (2006) ‘What does Liberalism Inherit from Early Modern Religious Settlements?’, CRESC Working Paper No. 16, April, CRESC, Open University.Google Scholar
- Schmitt, C. (1985) Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty, (trans. George Schwab), Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
- Sim, S. (2004) Fundamentalist World: The New Dark Age of Dogma, Cambridge: Icon Books.Google Scholar
- Stern, J. (2003) Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill, New York: Harper Collins.Google Scholar
- Tan, K.-C. (2005) ‘International Toleration: Rawlsian vs Cosmopolitan’, Leiden Journal of International Law 18: 685–7190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Teschke, B. (2003) The Myth of 1648: Class, Geopolitics and the Making of Modern International Relations, London: Verso.Google Scholar
- Thompson, G.F. (2002/2005) ‘Toleration and the Art of Governance: How is it Possible to “Live Together” in a Fragmenting International System?’, in J. Hillier and E. Rooksby (eds.) Habitus: A Sense of Place, 2nd edn, 2005, Ashgate: Hampshire, pp. 67–91.Google Scholar
- Thompson, G.F. (2006a) ‘Global Inequality, the “Great Divergence” and Supranational Regionalization’, in D. Held and A. Kaya (eds.) Global Inequality: Patters and Explanations, Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
- Thompson, G.F. (2006b) ‘Exploring Sameness and Difference: Fundamentalisms and the Future of Globalization’, Globalizations 3 (4): 427–433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Thompson, G.F. (2007) ‘Religious Fundamentalisms, Territories and “Globalization”’, Economy and Society 36 (1): 19–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Valverde, M. (2007) ‘Genealogies of European states: Foucauldian reflections’, Economy and Society 36 (1): 158–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Walzer, M. (1981) ‘The Distribution of Membership’, in P.G. Brown and H. Shue (eds.) Boundaries: National Autonomy and Its Limits, Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Walzer, M. (1997) On Toleration, New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
- Weber, M. (1968) Economy and Society, Vol. 2, New York: Bedminister Press.Google Scholar
- Williams, B. (2006) ‘Tolerating the Intolerable’, Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline, Oxford: Princeton University Press, pp. 126–134.Google Scholar
- Zagorin, P. (2003) How the Idea of Religious Toleration Came to the West, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar