NATO in Afghanistan: perilous mission, dire ramifications
- 44 Downloads
- 1 Citations
Abstract
This paper focuses on analysing NATO's involvement in Afghanistan, a current issue in the interaction between two main constituents of the West, the United States and Europe, with a part of the Muslim world. NATO forces in Afghanistan are engaged in one of the severest battles in the organisation's history. A failure in Afghanistan will have great implications for the transatlantic relationship as well as for the relations between the Muslim world and the West. The Alliance has been able to successfully deal with numerous challenges in the past. Would it be able to overcome the latest challenge? The aim of this paper is to examine this question. The paper starts with analysing the dynamics through which NATO reinvented itself in the 1990s, and then focuses on the post-9/11 era and the deployment of NATO forces in Afghanistan. The challenges posed by the resurgence of the Taliban insurgency are examined next, followed by a discussion of the internal rifts within NATO in general and regarding Afghanistan in particular. The conclusion assesses the chances of NATO's success and makes some policy recommendations.
Keywords
NATO the United States Europe post-9/11 Afghanistan Taliban insurgencyReferences
- Agency France Press. (2006) British troops in Afghanistan could go on offensive, minister says. AFP, 24 April, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Agency France Press. (2007) US rejects Italy's call to withdraw from Afghanistan. AFP, 25 July, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Agency France Press. (2009) Anger after Afghan family killed in US raid. AFP 10 April, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Albone, T. (2007) They fire first and think later, say British soldiers. The Time, 24 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Amnesty International. (2007) Afghanistan: NATO countries at risk of complicity in torture. Amnesty International Press Release, 13 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Asmus, R.D. and Holbrooke, R.C. (2006) Re-reinventing NATO. Riga Papers, Available on the German Marshall Fund of the United States website, November.Google Scholar
- Associated Press. (2007) German defense minister calls for changes in Afghanistan tactics. International Herald Tribune, 14 May, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Author's interview. (2007) A senior Afghan military officer. Kabul, 20 January.Google Scholar
- BBC. (2007) Force cannot solve Afghanistan. BBC News website, 8 May.Google Scholar
- Bergen, P. and Tiedemann, K. (2007) Losing Afghanistan, one civilian at a time. The Washington Post, 18 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Bhadrakumar, M.K. (2006) Afghanistan: Why NATO cannot win. The Washington Post, 30 September.Google Scholar
- Bollen, M.T.I.B., Linssen, E.T. and Rietjens, S.J.H. (2006) Are PRTs supposed to compete with terrorists? Small Wars and Insurgencies 17 (4): 437–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bos, S. (2008) NATO General Secretary wants more troops for Afghanistan. VOA News, 9 October, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs. (2009) 2009 INCSR: Country reports – Afghanistan through Comoros. US State Department website.Google Scholar
- CARE International. (2003) A new year's resolution to keep – Secure a lasting peace in Afghanistan. CARE International in Afghanistan, Policy Brief, January, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Castle, S. and Sengupta, K. (2006) NATO urged to plan Afghanistan exit strategy as violence soars. The Independent, 17 October, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Chayes, S. (2007) NATO didn't lose Afghanistan. The New York Times, 10 July, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Chin, W. (2007) British counter-insurgency in Afghanistan. Defense and Security Analysis 23 (2): 201–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Chivers, C.J. (2007) Dutch soldiers stress restraint in Afghanistan. The New York Times, 6 April, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Coghlan, T. (2006) NATO pilots accused of killing Afghan children. The Independent, 26 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Constable, P. (2007) A waking-up call in Afghanistan. Journal of Democracy 18 (2): 84–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- CNN. (2007) NATO ‘losing’ fight in Afghanistan. CNN website, 25 October.Google Scholar
- CTV. (2007) Afghan protesters shout ‘Death to Canada’. CTV.ca website, 26 September.Google Scholar
- Curtis, L. and Phillips, J. (2007) Revitalizing US efforts in Afghanistan. Backgrounder, The Heritage Foundation, No. 2076, (15 October): 1–16.Google Scholar
- Daalder, I. and Goldgeier, J. (2006) Global NATO. Foreign Affairs 85 (5): 105–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Daily Telegraph. (2006a) Whitehall must give full backing to afghan forces. The Telegraph, 11 July, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Daily Telegraph. (2006b) Old enemy is back with a vengeance. The Telegraph, 9 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Dale, H.C. (2006) NATO in Afghanistan: A test case for future missions. Backgrounder, The Heritage Foundation, No. 1985 (8 December): 1–7.Google Scholar
- de Nesnera, A. (2007a) Defining NATO's role in Afghanistan. VOA News, 7 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- de Nesnera, A. (2007b) Afghan war losing support in NATO countries. VOA News, 16 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Donahue, P. (2009) German Defense Minister Jung rejects negotiation with Taliban. Bloomberg, 30 March, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Evans, M. (2009) NATO summit: The truth behind the troops heading to Afghanistan. Times Online, 6 April.Google Scholar
- Fitzsimmons, M. (2008) Hard hearts and open minds? Governance, identity and the intellectual foundations of counterinsurgency strategy. Journal of Strategic Studies 31 (3): 337–365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gall, C. (2007) British criticize US air attacks in Afghan region. The New York Times, 9 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Gallis, P. (2007) NATO in Afghanistan: A test of the transatlantic alliance. CRS Report for Congress. US Congressional Research Service (updated 16 July): 1–23.Google Scholar
- Giustozzi, A. (2007) Auxiliary force or national Army? Afghanistan's ‘ANA’ and the counter-insurgency efforts, 2001—2006. Small Wars and Insurgencies 18 (1): 45–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Granma International. (2007) Between disagreements and serious threats. Granma International, 5 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Howard, R.D. (2005) Thinking creatively in the war on terrorism – Leveraging NATO and the partnership for peace consortium. The Quarterly Journal 4 (1): 1–8.Google Scholar
- Human Rights Watch. (2002) Afghanistan's Bonn agreement one year later. Human Rights Watch website, 5 December.Google Scholar
- Johnson, T.H. and Mason, M.C. (2007) Understanding the Taliban and insurgency in Afghanistan. Orbis 51 (1): 71–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Jones, S.G. (2006) Averting failure in Afghanistan. Survival 48 (1): 111–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Kay, S. (2005) What went wrong with NATO? Cambridge Review of International Affairs 18 (1): 69–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Keller, P. (2007) The future of NATO: Between overstretch and irrelevance. American Foreign Policy Interests 29 (3): 207–217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- King, L. (2007) Errant Afghan civilian deaths surge. The Los Angeles Times, reproduced on Truthout website, 6 July.Google Scholar
- Lafraie, N. (2006) The way out is to get out. International Herald Tribune, 5 September 2006, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Lafraie, N. (2007) A new plan for Afghanistan. Journal of International Peace Operations 3 (1): 7.Google Scholar
- Lindley-French, J. (2006) The capability-capacity crunch: NATO's new capacity for intervention. European Security 15 (3): 259–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Lobjakas, A. (2007a) Afghanistan: NATO focuses on training, minimizing civilian casualties. Radio Free/Europe/Radio Liberty website, 15 June.Google Scholar
- Lobjakas, A. (2007b) Should NATO Rethink Its Strategy In Fighting the Taliban?. Radio Free/Europe/Radio Liberty website, 19 September.Google Scholar
- Loyd, A. (2007) Corruption, bribes and trafficking: A cancer that is engulfing Afghanistan. The Times, 24 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- McCain, J. (2007) NATO's litmus test in Afghanistan. Hampton Roads International Security Quarterly 7 (2): 29–33.Google Scholar
- McLennan, D. (2007) Defence wants Afghan cohesion. The Canberra Times, 29 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Milne, S. (2007) How can this bloody failure be regarded as a good war? The Canberra Times, 23 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Michta, A.A. (2007) What next for NATO? Orbis 51 (1): 155–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Minuto-Rizzo, A. (2007) NATO's transformation and new partnerships: The mediterranean. Mediterranean Quarterly 18 (3): 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- NATO. (1991) The Alliance's new strategic concept. NATO website, 8 November.Google Scholar
- NATO. (1999) The Alliance's strategic concept. NATO website, 24 April.Google Scholar
- NATO. (2006a) NATO solidifies cooperation with Afghanistan. NATO Update, 6 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- NATO. (2006b) NATO boosts efforts in Afghanistan. NATO website, 30 November.Google Scholar
- NATO. (2008) NATO's Senior Civilian Representative in Afghanistan. NATO website.Google Scholar
- NATO. (2009) Strasbourg/Kehl summit declaration. NATO website.Google Scholar
- Neuger, J.G. (2007) NATO staggers in Afghanistan as some can't fight on. Bloomberg.com, 8 October.Google Scholar
- Neumann, R. (2007) Borderline Insanity: Thinking Big About Afghanistan. The American Interest Online, November.Google Scholar
- Noetzel, T. and Scheipers, S. (2007) Coalition warfare in Afghanistan: Burden-sharing or disunity. Chatham House Briefing Paper, October, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Norton-Taylor, R. (2007a) Army gets new ‘enhanced blast’ weapon to fight Taliban. The Guardian, 23 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Norton-Taylor, R. (2007b) NATO chief says Taliban could regain territory. The Guardian, 29 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Pak Tribune. (2006) US surprised by Taliban strength in Afghanistan: Rice. Pak Tribune, 12 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Puchala, D.J. (2005) The Atlantic community in the age of international terrorism. Journal of Transatlantic Studies 3 (1): 89–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rashid, A. (2002) US placing greater emphasis on economic stabilization in Afghanistan. Eurasianet, 6 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Rashid, A. (2003) American Commander alters military strategy in Afghanistan. Eurasianet, 13 January, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Richards, D. (2006) NATO in Afghanistan: Transformation on the front line. RUSI Journal 151 (4): 10–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Riedel, B. (2007) Afghanistan: The Taliban resurgence and NATO. Brookings, 16 October, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Roberts, K. (2007) US frustration high on NATO's unmet Afghan pledges. Reuters, 30 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Rohde, D. (2007a) Taliban push poppy production to a record again. The New York Times, 26 April, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Rohde, D. (2007b) Canadian forces regain part of strategic area in southern Afghanistan. The New York Times, 15 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Rubin, B.R. and Hamidzada, H. (2007) From Bonn to London: Governance challenges and the future of state building in Afghanistan. International Peacekeeping 14 (1): 8–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Rupp, R.E. (2006) NATO after 9/11: An Alliance in Continuing Decline. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Saikal, A. (2006) Afghanistan's transitions: ISAF's stabilization role? Third World Quarterly 27 (3): 525–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Scheuer, M. (2007) Afghanistan: Forgetting the lessons of history. Terrorism Focus 4 (4): 5–6.Google Scholar
- Schmidt, J.R. (2006/2007) Last alliance standing? NATO after 9/11. The Washington Quarterly 30 (1): 93–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schogol, J. (2007) Most trainer slots for Afghanistan remain unfilled. Stars and Stripes, 10 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Shahzad, S.S. (2007) Rise of the neo-Taliban. Asia Times Online, 14 November.Google Scholar
- Shahzad, S.S. (2009) Frontier wisdom. Asia Times Online, 24 April.Google Scholar
- Silverstein, K. (2006) Six Questions for Michael Scheuer on National Security. Harper's Magazine, 23 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Sloan, S.R. (2005) NATO, the European Union, and the Atlantic Community: The Transatlantic Bargain Challenged, 2nd edn, Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Smith, G. (2007) Afghans' anger muted in fatal shooting. Globe and Mail, 3 October, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Smith, J. (2006) NATO battles the Taliban and tests its future in Afghanistan. China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly 4 (4): 25–30.Google Scholar
- Smith, M. (2007) British fear gung-ho Americans. The Sunday Times, 4 February, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Starkey, J. (2007) For us ze war is over by tea time, ja. The Sunday Times, 18 November, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Tassal, A.A. (2007) British Presence Mars Independence Celebration. Afghanistan News Center, 22 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Tisdall, S. (2006) Taliban exposes cracks in NATO. The Guardian, 13 September, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Topsfield, J. (2007) Troops in Afghanistan ‘heading for failure’. The Age, 13 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Townsend, M. (2007) It's bleak and ferocious, but is it still winnable? The Guardian, 19 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Troyan, A.G. and Grigoryev, G.V. (2004) NATO's strategic concept: Basic military–political aspects. Military Thought 13 (3): 212–217.Google Scholar
- Walsh, D. (2007) Strategy that fails to win hearts and minds. The Guardian, 25 August, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Washington Post Editorial. (2008) NATO's Fudges. Washington Post, 6 April, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Wilkinson, I. (2006) Blow to British as new Helmand governor vetoes local peace deals. The Telegraph, 20 December, electronic edition.Google Scholar
- Winter, L.J. (2006) Bigger role for NATO in Afghanistan? The Christian Science Monitor, 31 January, electronic edition.Google Scholar