The Long-Term Effects of a University Outreach Programme: Implications on Higher Education Enrolment
- 93 Downloads
- 1 Citations
Abstract
Consistent evidences outline a global increase in enrolment of young people in higher education. Nevertheless, the under-representation in higher education of students of low socio-economic status (‘SES’) is still evident. The current study reports the results of a follow-up that has been conducted among 198 former Israeli high-school students, living in the city of Tel Aviv, who participated in a university outreach programme and who are now in their 30s. The findings indicate that the university outreach programme significantly contributed to the enrolment of low SES students in higher education (HE) alongside promoting among them the idea of meritocracy. It was found that all former participants — including those who did not continue to higher education — attribute their success/failure to pursue higher education to their own personal abilities. By doing so, they all actually legitimize social inequality. In light of these findings, it is suggested that outreach programmes can motivate disadvantaged students to enrol in higher education but they cannot challenge the social order.
Keywords
disadvantaged youth outreach programme higher education IsraelReferences
- Addi, A. and Israelashvili, M. (1993) ‘Coaching for university entrance tests and its implication for students of socially disadvantaged areas’, New Education 15 (2): 41–50.Google Scholar
- Addi-Raccah, A. and Ayalon, H. (2008) ‘High school curriculum, student composition and inequality in post-secondary destination’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 30 (1): 31–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Adelman, C. (2006) The Toolbox Revisited: Paths to Degree Completion from High School through College, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education.Google Scholar
- Ainsworth, J.W. (2002) ‘Why does it take a village? The mediation of neighborhood effects on educational achievements’, Social Forces 81 (1): 117–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Armstrong, D. and Cairnduff, A. (2011) ‘Inclusion in higher education: issues in university–school partnership’, International Journal of Inclusive Education. published online 20 December. doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2011.636235.Google Scholar
- Astin, A.W. and Oseguera, L. (2004) ‘The declining “equity” of American higher education’, The Review of Higher Education 27 (3): 321–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bastedo, M.N. and Ozan, J. (2011) ‘Running in place: low-income students and the dynamics of higher education stratification’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 33 (3): 318–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bergin, D.A., Cooks, H.C. and Bergin, C.C. (2007) ‘Effects of a college access program for youth underrepresented in higher education: a randomized experiment’, Research in Higher Education 48 (6): 727–750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Bourdieu, P. and Passeron, J.C. (1990) Reproduction in Education, Society and Culture, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication.Google Scholar
- Burnett, S.-A. and Huisman, J. (2010) ‘Universities’ responses to globalisation: the influence of organisational culture’, Journal of Studies in International Education 14 (2): 117–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cabrera, A.F., Deil-Amen, R., Prabhu, R., Terenzini, P.T., Lee, C. and Franklin, Jr. R.E. (2006) ‘Increasing the college preparedness of at-risk students’, Journal of Latinos and Education 5 (2): 79–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cabrera, A.F. and La-Nasa, S.M. (2000) ‘Understanding the college-choice process’, New Direction for Institutional Research 2000 (107): 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Crawford, N. and McKenzie, L. (2011) ‘E-learning in context: an assessment of student inequalities in a university outreach program’, Australasian Journal of Educational Technology 27 (3): 531–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Cress, C.M., Burack, C., Giles, D.E., Elkins, J. and Stevens, M.C. (2010) A Promising Connection: Increasing College Access and Success through Civic Engagement, Boston, MA: Campus Compact, Accessed 13 July 2012 on http://www.compact.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/01/A-Promising-Connection-corrected.pdf.Google Scholar
- Creswell, J.W. and Plano-Clark, V.L. (2006) Designing and Conducting: Mixed Methods Research, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
- Domina, T. (2009) ‘What works in college outreach: assessing target and schoolwide interventions for disadvantaged students’, Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 31 (2): 127–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Eccles, J.S. and Roeser, R.W. (2011) ‘Schools as developmental contexts during adolescence’, Journal of Research on Adolescence 21 (1): 225–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Edwards, S.D., Makunga, N.V. and Nzima, D.R. (1998) ‘Harmonising Traditional and Modern Forms of Community Psychology in Zululand South Africa’, in S.M. Madu, P.K. Baguma and A. Pritz (eds.) In Quest for Psychotherapy for Modern Africa, Sovenga, South Africa: UNIN Press, pp. 159–167.Google Scholar
- Frempong, F., Ma, X. and Mensah, J. (2012) ‘Access to postsecondary education: can schools compensate for socioeconomic disadvantage?’ Higher Education 63 (1): 19–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Gándara, P. and Bial, D. (2001) Paving the Way to Postsecondary Education: K-12 Interventions for Underrepresented Youth, Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics.Google Scholar
- Getie, B., Bizuneh, A. and Teshale, B. (2012) Bahir Dar University Outreach Program for Talented Students Project. Annual Report, Bahir Dar: Bahir Dar University. Accessed 20 June 2013 on http://gfct.us/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Projects-BDU-Outreach-2012-report.pdf.
- Goldthorpe, J. (1996) ‘Problems of Meritocracy, Social Inequality and Social Justice’, in R. Erikson and J. Jonsson (eds.) Can Education be Equalized? The Swedish Case in Comparative Perspective, Boulder, CO: Westview, pp. 255–283.Google Scholar
- Gullatt, Y. and Jan, W. (2003) How Do Pre-Collegiate Academic Outreach Programs Impact College-Going among Underrepresented Students?, Washington, DC: Pathways to College Network, Accessed 13 July 2012 on http://inpathways.net/precollegiate.pdf.Google Scholar
- Hao, L. and Pong, S.L. (2008) ‘The role of school in the upward mobility of disadvantaged immigrants’ children’, The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 620 (1): 62–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Haveman, R. and Smeeding, T. (2006) ‘The role of higher education in social mobility’, The Future of Children 16 (2): 125–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Horn, L.J. and Chen, X. (1998) Toward Resiliency: At-Risk Students Who Make it to College, Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement.Google Scholar
- Israelashvili, M., Smilansky, M. and Chen, M. (1990) University project for advancing adolescents from disadvantaged areas. A final report, School of Education, Tel-Aviv University (in Hebrew).Google Scholar
- Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (ICBS). (2005) Access to post-secondary and higher education among secondary school graduates in Israel cohorts of 1983/84-1993/94 follow-up until 2001/02. Jerusalem.Google Scholar
- Karabel, J. (2005) The Chosen: The Hidden History of Admission and Exclusion at Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
- Loza, P.P. (2003) ‘A system at risk: college outreach programs and the educational neglect of underachieving latino high school students’, The Urban Review 35 (1): 43–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- McNamee, S.J. and Miller, Jr. R.K. (2004) The Meritocracy Myth, Landam, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
- Oakes, J., Rogers, J., Lipton, M. and Morrell, E. (2002) ‘The Social Construction of College Access: Confronting the Technical, Cultural and Political Barriers to Low-Income Students of Color’, in W.G. Tierney and L.S. Hagedorn (eds.) Increasing Access to College: Extending Possibilities for All Students, Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, pp. 105–121.Google Scholar
- OECD. (2011) Education at a Glance 2011: OECD Indicators, Paris: OECD Publishing, Accessed 27 July 2012 on http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/education-at-a-glance-2011_eag-2011-en.
- Pallas, A.M. (2000) ‘The Effects of Schooling on Individual Lives’, in M.T. Hallinan (ed.) Handbook of Sociology and Education, New York: Kluwer/Plenum, pp. 499–525.Google Scholar
- Perna, L.W. (2002) ‘Pre-college outreach programs: characteristics of programs serving historically underrepresented groups of students’, Journal of College Student Development 43 (1): 64–83.Google Scholar
- Perna, L.W. and Swail, W.S. (2001) ‘Pre-college outreach and early intervention’, Thought & Action 17 (1): 99–110.Google Scholar
- Plank, S.B. and Jordan, J.W. (2001) ‘Effects of information, guidance and actions on postsecondary destinations: a study of talent loss’, American Educational Research Journal 38 (4): 947–979.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Schultz, J.L. and Mueller, D. (2006) Effectiveness of Programs to Improve Postsecondary Education Enrollment and Success of Underrepresented Youth: A Literature Review, St. Paul, MN: Wilder Research.Google Scholar
- Shulruf, B., Hattie, J. and Tumen, S. (2008) ‘Individual and school factors affecting students participation and success in higher education’, Higher Education 56 (5): 613–632.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Smilansky, M. (1995) The Challenge of Adolescence, Tel Aviv: Ramot.Google Scholar
- Smilansky, M. and Israelashvili, M. (1990) ‘Intellectual fostering of the more gifted among socially disadvantaged’, Gifted Education International 6 (2): 108–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Stanton-Salazar, R. and Dornbusch, S.M. (1995) ‘Social capital and the reproduction of inequality: information networks among Mexican-origin high school students’, Sociology of Education 68 (2): 116–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Tierney W.G. and Hagedorn L.S. (eds.) (2002) ‘Cultural Capital and the Struggle for Educational Equity’, in Increasing Access to College: Extending Possibilities for All, Albany, NY: State University of New York, pp. 1–15.Google Scholar
- Tierney, W.T. and Garcia, L.D. (2011) ‘Remediation in higher education: the role of information’, American Behavioral Scientist 55 (2): 102–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Ward, N.L. (2006) ‘Improving equity and access for low-income and minority youth into institutions of higher education’, Urban Education 41 (1): 50–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Wigfield, A., Cambria, J. and Eccles, J.S. (2012) ‘Motivation in Education’, in R.M. Ryan (ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Human Motivation, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 463–478.Google Scholar
- Yeager, D.S. and Walton, G.M. (2011) ‘Social-psychological interventions in education: they’re not magic’, Review of Educational Research 81 (2): 267–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Young, J. (2004) ‘“Becoming different”: accessing university from a low socioeconomic community — barriers and motivators’, Systemic Practice and Action Research 17 (5): 425–469.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
- Young, M. (1958) The Rise of the Meritocracy, London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar