Comparative European Politics

, Volume 13, Issue 5, pp 553–576 | Cite as

The demand side of support for radical right parties

  • Jason E Kehrberg
Original Article

Abstract

This study examines the link between individual attitudes and voting for radical right parties in 16 European countries, using the European Social Survey (ESS). This study includes, in a single model, several different components of the radical right political platform in order to test which components are more strongly found among radical right voters. Using the initial assumption that the anti-immigrant message of radical right parties should be attractive to individuals with similar predispositions, I use the ESS to find evidence that radical right voters are attracted to these parties because of the political message of immigration attitudes and anti-democratic attitudes. Further, depending on the context, social conservatism is associated with radical right support. In sum, radical right support is based on multiple factors with immigration attitudes as the primary consideration, with populism and social conservatism playing a minor but significant role.

Keywords

radical right parties immigration political parties Western Europe Eastern Europe 

Notes

Acknowledgements

I thank Richard Arnold, Emily Beaulieu, Adam Butz, Mark Peffley, Kirk Randazzo, Tom Rice, D. Stephen Voss, Justin Wedeking and the reviewers for their suggestions and comments on earlier drafts. Any errors were the contribution and responsibility of the author.

References

  1. Altemeyer, B. (1981) Right-Wing Authoritarianism. Winnipeg, Canada: University of Manitoba Press.Google Scholar
  2. Altemeyer, B. (1988) Enemies of Freedom: Understanding Right-Wing Authoritarianism. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.Google Scholar
  3. Altemeyer, B. (1996) The Authoritarian Specter. New York: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  4. Anderson, C. (1996) Economics, politics and foreigners: Populist party support in Denmark and Norway. Electoral Studies 15 (4): 497–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Art, D. (2011) Inside the Radical Right: The Development of Anti-Immigrant Parties in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Arzheimer, K. and Carter, E. (2006) Political opportunity structures and right-wing extremist party success. European Journal of Political Research 45 (3): 419–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Betz, H.-G. (1994) Radical Right Wing Populism in Western Europe. New York: St. Martin’s Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Benoit, K. and Laver, M. (2006) Party Policy in Modern Democracies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
  9. Billiet, J. and De Witte, H. (1995) Attitudinal disposition to vote for an extreme right-wing party: The case of ‘vlaams blok’. European Journal of Political Research 27 (2): 181–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  10. Bjorklund, T. (2007) Unemployment and the radical right in Scandinavia: Benefical or non-beneficial for electoral support? Comparative European Politics 5 (3): 245–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Bjorklund, T. and Anderson, J.G. (2002) Anti-immigration parties in Denmark and Norway: The progress parties and the Danish people’s party. In: M. Schain, A. Zolberg and P. Hossay (eds.) Shadows over Europe: The Development and Impact of the Extreme Right in Western Europe. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
  12. Chong, D. and Druckman, J. (2007) A theory of framing and opinion formation in competitive elite environments. Journal of Communication 57 (1): 99–118.Google Scholar
  13. Citrin, J. and Sides, J. (2007) European opinion about immigration: The role of identities, interests, and information. British Journal of Political Science 37 (3): 477–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  14. Citrin, J. and Sides, J. (2008) Immigration and the imagined community in Europe and United States. Political Studies 56 (1): 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  15. Coffe, H., Heyndels, B. and Vermeir, J. (2007) Fertile grounds for extreme right-wing parties: Explaining the vlaams blok’s electoral success. Electoral Studies 26 (1): 142–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  16. Conover, P.J. and Feldman, S. (1981) The origins and meaning of liberal/conservative self-identification. American Journal of Political Science 25 (4): 617–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Fabrigar, L.R. and Petty, R.E. (1999) The role of the effective and cognitive bases of attitudes in susceptibility to affectively and cognitively based persuasion. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (3): 363–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Feldman, S. (2003) Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology 24 (1): 41–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Freeman, G.P. (1995) Modes of immigration politics in liberal democratic state. International Migration Review 29 (4): 881–902.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Givens, T.E. (2004) The racial right gender gap. Comparative Political Studies 37 (1): 30–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Givens, T.E. (2005) Voting Radical Right in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Golder, M. (2003) Explaining variation in the success of extreme right parties in Western Europe. Comparative Political Studies 36 (4): 432–466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  23. Hainmueller, J. and Hiscox, M.J. (2010) Attitudes toward highly skilled and low-skilled immigration: Evidence from a survey experiment. American Political Science Review 104 (1): 61–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  24. Hernes, G. and Knudsen, K. (1992) Norwegians’ attitudes toward new immigrants. Acta Sociologica 35 (2): 123–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Hetherington, M.J. and Weiler, J.D. (2009) Authoritarianism & Polarization in American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Howard, M. (2009) The Politics of Citizenship in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  27. Ignazi, P. (2003) Extreme Right Parties in Western Europe. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Ivarsflaten, E. (2008) What unites right-wing populists in Western Europe? Re-examining grievance mobilization models in seven successful cases. Comparative Political Studies 41 (1): 3–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Jackman, R. and Volpert, K. (1996) Conditions favoring parties of the extreme right in Western Europe. British Journal of Political Science 26 (4): 501–521.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  30. Kehrberg, J.E. (2007) Public opinion on immigration in Western Europe: Economics, tolerance, and exposure. Comparative European Politics 5 (5): 264–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Kinder, D.R. and Kam, C.D. (2009) Us against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. King, G., Tomz, M. and Wittenberg, J. (2000) Making the most of statistical analyses: Improving interpretation and presentation. American Journal of Political Science 44 (2): 347–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  33. King, G. and Zang, L. (2001) Logistic regression in rare events data. Political Analysis 9 (2): 137–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Kitschelt, H. (1995) The Radical Right in Western Europe. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
  35. Knigge, P. (1998) The ecological correlates of right-wing extremism in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research 34 (2): 249–279.Google Scholar
  36. Koopmans, R. (1996) Explaining the rise of racist and extreme right violence in Western Europe: Grievances or opportunities? European Journal of Political Research 30 (2): 185–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Lewis-Beck, M.S. and Mitchell, G. (1993) French electoral theory: The national front test. Electoral Studies 12 (2): 112–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Lubbers, M. and Scheepers, P. (2000) Individual and contextual characteristics of the German extreme right-wing vote in the 1990s. A test of complementary theories. European Journal of Political Research 38 (1): 63–94.Google Scholar
  39. Lubbers, M., Gijsberts, M. and Scheepers, P. (2002) Extreme right-wing voting in Western Europe. European Journal of Political Research 41 (3): 345–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. McDaniel, E.L., Nooruddin, I. and Shortle, A.F. (2011) Divine boundaries: How religion shapes citizens’ attitudes towards immigrants. American Politics Research 39 (1): 205–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  41. Meguid, B.M. (2005) Competition between unequals: The role of mainstream party strategy in niche party success. American Political Science Review 99 (3): 347–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  42. Meguid, B.M. (2008) Party Competition Between Unequals: Strategies and Electoral Fortunes in Western Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Minkenberg, M. (2000) The renewal of the radical right: Between modernity and anti-modernity. Government & Opposition 35 (2): 170–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Mudde, C. (2007) Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Mughan, A., Bean, C. and McAllister, I. (2003) Economic globalization, job insecurity and the populist reaction. Electoral Studies 22 (4): 617–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. News Team. (2008) Importing unemployment – Exporting jobs! http://bnp.org.uk/2008/06/importing-unemployment-exporting-jobs/, accessed 3 February 2010.
  47. Norris, P. (2005) Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Oesch, D. (2008) Explaining workers’ support for right-wing populist parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland. International Political Science Review 29 (3): 349–373.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Perloff, R.M. (2003) The Dynamics of Persuasion: Communication and Attitudes in the 21st Century, 2nd edn. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.Google Scholar
  50. Quillian, L. (1995) Prejudice as a response to perceived group threat: Population composition and anti-immigrant and racial prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review 60 (4): 586–612.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Raines, H. (1987) Denmark’s leader set back in vote. The New York Times 9 September.Google Scholar
  52. Rydgren, J. (2005) Is extreme right-wing populism contagious? Explaining the emergence of a new party family. European Journal of Political Research 44 (3): 413–437.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Rydgren, J. (2008) Immigration sceptics, xenophobes or racists? Radical right-wing voting in six West European countries. European Journal of Political Research 47 (6): 737–765.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Scheepers, P., Gijsberts, M. and Coenders, M. (2002) Ethnic exclusionism in European countries: Public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat. European Sociological Review 18 (1): 17–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Sciolino, E. (2007) Immigration, black sheep and Swiss rage. The New York Times 8 October.Google Scholar
  56. Sniderman, P.M. and Hagendoorn, L. (2007) When Ways of Life Collide. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
  57. Sniderman, P.M., Hagendoorn, L. and Prior, M. (2004) Predisposing factors and situational triggers: Exclusionary reactions to immigrant minorities. American Political Science Review 98 (1): 35–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Sniderman, P.M., Peri, P., De Figueiredo, Jr. R.J.P. and Piazza, T. (2000) The Outsider: Prejudice and Politics in Italy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
  59. Thorisdottir, H., Jost, J.T., Liviatan, I. and Shrout, P.E. (2007) Pyschological needs and values underlying left-right political orientation: Cross-national evidence from Eastern and Western Europe. Public Opinion Quarterly 71 (2): 175–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Tomz, M., King, G. and Zeng, L. (1999) RELOGIT: Rare events logistic regression, Version 1.1, http://gking.harvard.edu/, accessed 14 August 2013.
  61. Tomz, M., Wittenberg, J. and King, G. (2003) CLARIFY: Software for interpreting and presenting statistical results, Version 2.1, http://gking.harvard.edu/, accessed 14 August 2013.
  62. Van der Brug, W. and Fennema, M. (2003) Protest or mainstream? How the European anti-immigrant parties developed into two separate groups by 1999. European Journal of Political Research 42 (1): 55–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Van der Brug, W., Fennema, M. and Tillie, J. (2005) Why some anti-immigrant parties fail and others succeed: A two-step method of aggregate electoral support. Comparative Political Studies 38 (5): 537–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Van Spanje, J. (2010) Contagious parties: Anti-immigration parties and their impact on other parties’ immigration stances in contemporary Western Europe. Party Politics 16 (5): 563–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Whitney, C.R. (1997) National front wins control of a 4th city in Southern France. The New York Times, 10 February.Google Scholar
  66. Williams, M.H. (2006) The Impact of Radical Right-Wing in West European Democracies. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  67. Witte, K. (1998) Fear as motivator, fear as inhibitor: Using the extended parallel process model to explain fear appeal successes and failures. In: P.A. Anderson and L.K. Guerrero (eds.) Handbook of Communication and Emotion: Research, Theory, Applications, and Contexts. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
  68. Wong, D. (1994) The Problem of Order. New York: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
  69. Zaller, J.R. (1992) The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2014

Authors and Affiliations

  • Jason E Kehrberg
    • 1
  1. 1.Department of Political Science, Department of Health ScienceMuskingum UniversityNew ConcordUSA

Personalised recommendations