Asian Business & Management

, Volume 15, Issue 3, pp 201–225 | Cite as

The role of a model’s race in influencing Chinese consumers’ product perception

Research Article
  • 81 Downloads

Abstract

Previous studies indicate that consumers generally favor ads featuring racially similar models. However, distinctiveness theory suggests that people in a homogeneous society may not treat race as a similarity trait. On the basis of stereotype activation and country-of-origin theory, we find the use of Western models in ads may enhance Chinese consumers’ product-attribute beliefs and attitudes. Our work also extends knowledge of gender differences in information processing by showing that the model-race effect is stronger in males; this is attenuated when the product is utilitarian rather than hedonic, providing an explanation of why some product categories in China are more likely to feature foreign models in ads.

Keywords

model race country-of-origin information processing utilitarian product hedonic product 

Notes

Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71172011, 71472104) and Tsinghua University Initiative Scientific Research Program.

References

  1. Aaker, J.L., Brumbaugh, A.M. and Grier, S.A. (2000) Non-target markets and viewer distinctiveness: The impact of target marketing on advertising attitudes. Journal of Consumer Psychology 9(3): 127–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  2. Alden, D.L., Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Batra, R. (1999) Brand positioning through advertising in Asia, North America, and Europe: The role of global consumer culture. Journal of Marketing 63(1): 75–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  3. Appiah, O. (2001) Black, white, hispanic, and Asian American adolescents’ responses to culturally embedded ads. Howard Journal of Communication 12(1): 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  4. Appiah, O. (2003) Americans online: Differences in surfing and evaluating race-targeted web site: By black and white users. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media 47(4): 537–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  5. Appiah, O. (2007) The effectiveness of ‘typical-user’ testimonial advertisements on black and white browsers’ evaluations of products on commercial websites: Do they really work? Journal of Advertising Research 47(1): 14–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  6. Appiah, O. and Liu, Y.I. (2009) Reaching the model minority: Ethnic differences in responding to culturally embedded targeted- and non-targeted advertisements. Journal of Current Issues & Research in Advertising 31(1): 27–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  7. Batra, R., Ramaswamy, V., Alden, D.L., Steenkamp, J.B.E. and Ramachander, S. (2000) Effects of brand local and non-local origin on consumer attitudes in developing countries. Journal of Consumer Psychology 9(2): 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  8. Bilkey, W.J. and Nes, E. (1982) Country-of-origin effects on product evaluations. Journal of International Business Studies 13(1): 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  9. Bodenhausen, G.V. and Macrae, C.N. (2013) Stereotype activation and inhibition. In: R.S. Wyer (ed.) Stereotype Activation and Inhibition: Advances in Social Cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, pp. 1–52.Google Scholar
  10. Brewer, M.B. (1979) In-group bias in the minimal intergroup situation: A cognitive-motivational analysis. Psychological Bulletin 86(2): 307–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  11. Bush, R.F., Hair, Jr J.F. and Solomon, P.J. (1979) Consumers’ level of prejudice and response to black models in advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research 16(3): 341–345.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  12. Chang, C. (2008) The effectiveness of using a global look in an Asian market. Journal of Advertising Research 48(2): 199–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  13. Chemev, A. (2004) The goal-attribute compatibility in consumer choice. Journal of Consumer Psychology 14(1/2): 141–150.Google Scholar
  14. Cheng, H. and Schweitzer, J.C. (1996) Cultural values reflected in Chinese and US television commercials. Journal of Advertising Research 36(3): 8–35.Google Scholar
  15. Choudhury, P.K. and Schmid, L.S. (1974) Black models in advertising to blacks. Journal of Advertising Research 14(5): 19–22.Google Scholar
  16. Darley, W.K. and Smith, R.E. (1995) Gender differences in information processing strategies: An empirical test of the selectivity model in advertising response. Journal of Advertising 24(1): 41–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  17. Deshpandé, R. and Stayman, D.M. (1994) A tale of two cities: Distinctiveness theory and advertising effectiveness. Journal of Marketing Research 31(1): 57–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  18. Dhar, R. and Wertenbroch, K. (2000) Consumer choice between hedonic and utilitarian goods. Journal of Marketing Research 37(1): 60–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  19. Erickson, G.M., Johansson, J.K. and Chao, P. (1984) Image variables in multi-attribute product evaluations. Journal of Consumer Research 11(2): 694–699.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  20. Feick, L. and Higie, R.A. (1992) The effects of preference heterogeneity and source characteristics on ad processing and judgments about endorsers. Journal of Advertising 21(6): 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  21. Feldman, J.M. (1972) Stimulus characteristics and subject prejudice as determinants of stereotype attribution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 21(3): 333–340.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  22. Fishbein, M.A. (1967) Attitude and the prediction of behavior. In: M. Fishbein (ed.) Readings in Attitude Theory and Measurement. New York: Wiley, pp. 477–492.Google Scholar
  23. Fishbein, M.A. and Ajzen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
  24. Forehand, M.R. and Deshpandé, R. (2001) What we see makes us who we are: Priming ethnic self-awareness and advertising response. Journal of Marketing Research 38(3): 336–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  25. Gaylord-Harden, N.K., Ragsdale, B.L., Mandara, J., Richards, M.H. and Petersen, A.C. (2007) Perceived support and internalizing symptoms in African American adolescents: Self-esteem and ethnic identity as mediators. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 36(1): 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  26. Ger, G. (1991) Country Image: Perceptions, Attitudes, Associations, and Their Relationships to Context. In: R.R. Dholakia and K.C. Bothra (eds.) Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Marketing an Development. New Delhi, India: International Society for Marketing and Development, pp. 390–398.Google Scholar
  27. Han, C.M. (1989) Country image: Halo or summary construct? Journal of Marketing Research 26(5): 222–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  28. Han, C.M. and Terpstra, V. (1988) Country-of-origin effects for uni-national and bi-national products. Journal of International Business Studies 19(2): 235–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  29. Hayes, A.F. (2013) Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach. New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
  30. Holbrook, M.B. and Hirschman, E.C. (1982) The experiential aspects of consumption: Consumer fantasies, feelings, and fun. Journal of Consumer Research 9(2): 132–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  31. Homburg, C., Koschate, N. and Hoyer, W.D. (2006) The role of cognition and affect in the formation of customer satisfaction: A dynamic perspective. Journal of Marketing 70(7): 21–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  32. Hong, S.T. and Toner, J.F. (1989) Are there gender differences in the use of country-of-origin information in the evaluation of products. Advances in Consumer Research 16(1): 468–472.Google Scholar
  33. Hong, S.T. and Wyer, Jr R.S. (1989) Effects of country-of-origin and product attribute information on product evaluation: An information processing perspective. Journal of Consumer Research 16(2): 175–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  34. Huber, J. and McCann, J. (1982) The impact of inferential beliefs on product evaluations. Journal of Marketing Research 19(8): 324–333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  35. Jain, S.C. (1989) Standardization of international marketing strategy: Some research hypotheses. Journal of Marketing 53(1): 70–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  36. James, J. (1993) Consumption and Development. New York: St. Martin’s Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  37. Johansson, J.K., Douglas, S.P. and Nonaka, I. (1985) Assessing the impact of country of origin on product evaluations: A new methodological perspective. Journal of Marketing Research 22(4): 399–396.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  38. Kelman, H.C. (1961) Process of opinion change. Public Opinion Quarterly 25(1): 57–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  39. Koslow, S., Shamdasani, P.N. and Touchstone, E.E. (1994) Exploring language effects in ethnic advertising: A sociolinguistic perspective. Journal of Consumer Research 20(4): 575–585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  40. Levitt, T. (1983) The globalization of markets. Harvard Business Review 61(5–6): 92–102.Google Scholar
  41. Li, W. and Monroe, K.B. (1992) The Role of Country-of-Origin Information on Buyer’s Product Evaluation: An In-depth Interview Approach. Proceedings of the 1992 AMA Summer Educators’ Conference; pp. 274–280.Google Scholar
  42. Liu, S.S. and Johnson, K.F. (2005) The automatic country-of-origin effects on brand judgments. Journal of Advertising 34(1): 87–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  43. Lutz, R.J. (1975) Changing brand attitudes through modification of cognitive structure. Journal of Consumer Research 1(4): 49–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  44. Maclnnis, D.J. and Jaworski, B. (1989) Information processing from advertisements: Toward an integrative framework. Journal of Marketing 53(4): 1–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  45. Martin, B.A.S., Kwai-Choi, L.C. and Feng, Y. (2004) The influence of ad model ethnicity and self-referencing on attitudes. Journal of Advertising 33(4): 27–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  46. McGuire, W.J., McGuire, C.V., Child, P. and Fujioka, T. (1978) Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self – Concept as a function of one’s ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36(5): 511–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  47. Melnyk, V., Klein, K. and Völckner, F. (2012) The double-edged sword of foreign brand names for companies from emerging countries. Journal of Marketing 76(11): 21–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  48. Mitchell, A.A. and Olson, J.C. (1981) Are product attribute beliefs the only mediator of advertising effects on brand attitude? Journal of Marketing Research 18(3): 318–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  49. Mittal, B. (1989) Measuring purchase-decision involvement. Psychology & Marketing 6(2): 147–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  50. Okada, E.M. (2005) Justification effects on consumer choice of hedonic and utilitarian goods. Journal of Marketing Research 42(1): 43–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  51. Olson, J.C. and Dover, P.A. (1976) Effects of expectation creation and disconfirmation on belief elements of cognitive structure. In: B.B. Anderson (ed.) Advances in Consumer Research. Cincinnati, OH: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 168–175.Google Scholar
  52. Phinney, J.S. (1989) Stages of ethnic identity development in minority group adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence 9(1–2): 34–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  53. Phinney, J.S. (1992) The multi group ethnic identity measure: A new scale for use with diverse groups. Journal of Adolescent Research 7(2): 156–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  54. Preacher, K.J. and Hayes, A.F. (2004) SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36(4): 717–731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  55. Rosenberg, M.J. (1956) Cognitive structure and attitudinal affect. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology 53(3): 367–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  56. Schlinger, M.J. and Plummer, J.T. (1972) Advertising in black and white. Journal of Marketing Research 9(2): 149–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  57. Schuiling, I. and Kapferer, J. (2004) Executive insights – Real differences between local and international brands: Strategic implications for international marketers. Journal of International Marketing 12(4): 97–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  58. Sierra, J.J., Hyman, M.R. and Heiser, R.S. (2012) Ethnic identity in advertising: A review and meta-analysis. Journal of Promotion Management 18(4): 489–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  59. Sierra, J.J., Hyman, M.R. and Torres, I.M. (2009) Using a model’s apparent ethnicity to influence viewer responses to print ads: A social identity theory perspective. Journal of Current Issues and Research in Advertising 31(2): 41–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  60. Smedley, J.W. and Bayton, J.A. (1978) Evaluative race-class stereotypes by race and perceived class of subjects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36(5): 530–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  61. Stayman, D. and Deshpandé, R. (1989) Situational ethnicity and consumer behavior. Journal of Consumer Research 16(3): 361–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  62. Strahilevitz, M. and Myers, J.G. (1998) Donations to charity as purchase incentives: How well they work may depend on what you are trying to sell. Journal of Consumer Research 24(4): 434–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  63. Verlegh, P.W.J. and Steenkamp, J-B.E.M. (1999) A review and meta-analysis of country-of-origin research. Journal of Economic Psychology 20(5): 521–546.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  64. Voss, K.E., Spangenberg, E.R. and Grohmann, B. (2003) Measuring the hedonic and utilitarian dimensions of consumer attitude. Journal of Marketing Research 40(3): 310–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  65. Wei, R. (1997) Emerging lifestyles in China and consequences for perceptions of advertising, buying behavior and consumption preferences. International Journal of Advertising 16(4): 261–275.Google Scholar
  66. Whittler, T.E. and DiMeo, J. (1991) Viewers’ reactions to racial cues in advertising stimuli. Journal of Advertising Research 31(6): 37–46.Google Scholar
  67. Williams, J., Qualls, W.J. and Grier, S. (1995) Racial exclusive real estate advertising: Public policy implication for fair housing practices. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing 14(2): 225–244.Google Scholar
  68. Wong, A.G.Y. and Zaichkowsky, J.L. (1999) Understanding luxury brands in Hong Kong. In: B. Dubois, T.M. Lowrey, L.J. Shrum and M. Vanhuele (eds.) European Advances in Consumer Research. Provo, UT: Association for Consumer Research, pp. 310–316.Google Scholar
  69. Yin, J. (1999) International advertising strategies in China: A worldwide survey of foreign advertisers. Journal of Advertising Research 39(6): 25–35.Google Scholar
  70. Zajonc, R.B. and Markus, H. (1982) Affective and cognitive factors in preferences. Journal of Consumer Research 9(2): 123–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  71. Zhou, L. and Hui, M.K. (2003) Symbolic value of foreign products in the people’s republic of China. Journal of International Marketing 11(2): 36–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
  72. Zhou, N. and Belk, R. (2004) Chinese consumer reading of global and local advertising appeals. Journal of Advertising 33(3): 63–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Copyright information

© Macmillan Publishers Ltd 2016

Authors and Affiliations

  1. 1.School of Economics and Management, Department of Marketing, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina

Personalised recommendations