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Pollination of invasive Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) in Ireland

Pollinisation de Rhododendron ponticum (Ericeceae), plante invasive en Irlande

Bestäubung von invasivem Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) in Irland

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Abstract

Several insect species visited exotic Rhododendron ponticum flowers, but bumblebees were most common. Only bumblebees (and one Vespula) contacted the flower stigma whilst foraging and are probably the main pollinators. One-third of insect visits resulted in stigma contact and visitation rates were high. This explains the high seed set reported elsewhere. There were significant differences according to the body size of visitors, with large queen bees contacting stigmas more often than smaller workers. There were no significant differences in behaviour of three species (Bombus jonellus, B. lucorum and B. monticola) and all bees tended to move short distances between flowers on a single plant. Longer flights and movements among plants were rare. Pollen carryover was estimated to be high: there was no decline in the amount of pollen deposited on stigmas from the first to fifth flower visited. The impact of bee behaviour on reproduction and invasion by exotic R. ponticum is discussed.

Zusammenfassung

Das Verhalten von Blüten besuchenden Insekten beeinflusst den Umfang und die Qualität der Bestäubung für Pflanzen und beeinflusst damit sowohl die individuelle Fitness der Pflanze als auch die Populationsdynamik. Entomogame exotische Pflanzen müssen bezüglich ihrer Bestäubung mutualistische Beziehungen mit einheimischen Bestäubern bilden, um sich in fremden Habitaten durchzusetzen und zu verbreiten. Dadurch können einheimische Bestäuber einen direkten Einfluss auf die Verbreitung invasiver exotischer Pflanzen haben. Die invasive Art Rhododendron ponticum in Irland wird von einer ganzen Reihe von Insekten besucht, doch hatten bei zwei eingebürgerten Populationen in der Region Dublin lediglich Hummeln und eine Wespenkönigin Kontakt mit der Narbe. Bei einer Erhebung während der Hauptblütezeit im Jahr 2002 waren Hummeln die häufigsten Blütenbesucher mit mehr als einem Besuch pro Stunde. Dies erklärt die enorme Samenproduktion und die erfolgreiche Invasion dieser Art. Sechs Hummelarten (bestehend aus 15 % Königinnen, 73 % Arbeiterinnen und 12 % Drohnen) wurden beim Blütenbesuch und Nektar-bzw. Pollensammeln beobachtet. Es gab keinen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen Pollen und/oder Nektar sammelnden Insekten bezüglich ihrer Bestäubung (bestimmt über den Anteil Besucher mit Kontakt zur Narbe, Abb. 1). Allerdings hatten größere Insekten (meist Königinnen) eher Kontakt mit den Narben als kleinere Insekten wie Arbeiterinnen oder Drohnen (Abb. 2). Die lediglich geringen Unterschiede im Sammelverhalten der verschiedenen Hummelarten (Tab. II) sprechen dafür, dass diese Arten eine einheitliche funktioneile Bestäubergruppe bilden. R. ponticum bilden enorme Blütenansammlungen. Analysiert man die Flugaktivitäten der Hummeln, so bewegen sich 47,5 % innerhalb eines Blütenstandes, 50,1 % zwischen Blütenständen und 2,4 % zwischen verschiedenen Pflanzen. Zwischen zwei Blütenbesuchen wurden meist nur kurze Distanzen zurückgelegt (Abb. 3), was zu hohen Inzuchtraten führen könnte. Verstärkt werden könnte dies durch die Fähigkeit von R. ponticum zu lokaler vegetativer Verbreitung, wodurch benachbarte Pflanzen Klone sein könnten. Dadurch könnten selbst als Auskreuzung interpretierte Bestäubungsvorgänge zu Inzucht führen. Möglicherweise ist die Pollenübertragung aber sehr weit reichend, da es keine Abnahme der übertragenen Pollenmenge bei aufeinander folgenden Blütenbesuchen gab (Tab. III). Hummeln haben demnach als der primäre Bestäuber für R. ponticum in Irland eine wichtige Bedeutung für das Auskreuzen und die Populationsdynamik dieser exotischen Pflanzenart.

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Correspondence to Jane Catherine Stout.

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Stout, J.C. Pollination of invasive Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) in Ireland. Apidologie 38, 198–206 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006071

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