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Hetero-specific queen retinue behavior of worker bees in mixed-species colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera

Comportement de cour des ouvrières d’abeilles envers la reine de l’autre espèce dans des colonies mixtes d’Apis cerana et Apis mellifera

Hofstaatverhalten von Arbeiterinnen in gemischten Apis cerana/Apis mellifera-Völkern

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Abstract

The retinue behavior of worker bees of Apis cerana cerana and Apis mellifera ligustica in two types of mixed-species colonies were studied to determine whether observed behaviors are pre- or post-speciation developments. In A. cerana queen-led mixed colonies, almost equal numbers of A. cerana workers (53.4±7.4) and A. mellifera workers (51.2±8.1) attended the A. cerana queen; while in A. mellifera queen-led mixed colonies, the A. mellifera queen attracted significantly fewer (47.8 ±5.9) A. cerana workers than A. mellifera workers (51.9 ± 4.6). Thus about 100 workers in total were attracted to each queen. In pure A. cerana and A. mellifera colonies, the queen attracted 105.8 ± 9.1 and 107.8 ± 11.2 workers, respectively, there being no significant difference between them. Only the pheromones 9-ODA, 9-HDA and 10-HDA of the queens were significantly different and the workers did not show avoidance behavior to either heterospecific queen. Both species of workers were attracted by the queens and engaged in retinue behavior, suggesting that the retinue response was not related to a specific queen pheromone or colony environment. This non-specific queen retinue behavior in the mixed colonies indicates that the queen pheromones can be transmitted among the workers from the two species without any obstacles. We conclude that retinue behavior itself as well as the pheromones of the queens that induce this behavior are both primitive, conserved traits that preceded speciation in apine bees.

Zusammenfassung

Mittels reziproker Versuchsansätze untersuchten wir, ob Hofstaatverhalten in einem heterospezifischen Kontext ausgelöst werden kann, d.h., ob Apis cerana Königinnen attraktiv sein können für Apis mellifera Arbeiterinnen und umgekehrt, ob dies auch bei A. mellifera Königinnen und A. cerana Arbeiterinnen der Fall ist. Diese Versuche führten wir in zwei Mischvölkern bestehend aus A. cerana und A. mellifera Arbeiterinnen durch. In Mischvölkern mit einer A. cerana Königin fanden wir etwa gleiche Proportionen von A. cerana (53,4 ± 7,4) und A. mellifera Arbeiterinnen (51,2 ± 8,1) im Hofstaat. In Mischvölkern mit einer A. mellifera Königin hingegen waren dort signifikant weniger A. cerana (47,8 ± 5,9) als A. mellifera Arbeiterinnen (51,9 ± 4,6) verrtreten (Tab. I). Die Arbeiterinnen beider Arten zeigten ein völlig normales Hofstaatverhalten gegenüber den heterospezifischen Königinnen und wir fanden keine offensichtliche Aggression oder ein Vermeidungsverhalten, obwohl sich die Königinnenpheromone der beiden Arten in einigen Punkten unterscheiden. Als Erklärung für die proportionalen Unterschiede in der Teilnahme am Hofstaatverhalten nehmen wir leichte Abweichungen in den Pheromonen der beiden Arten an. Wir untersuchten deshalb die relative Anteile der Komponenten des Königinnenpheromons in den beiden Typen der Mischvölker (Tab. II). Die Ergebnisse der Multivarianzanalyse der proportionalen Anteile der Mandibeldrüsen-komponenten zeigten einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen A. mellifera und A. cerana (Wilk’s lambda: F = 741,6, df = 4,1, P = 0,027, Tab. II). Während für zwei Komponenten, HOB und 10-HDAA, kein Unterschied zu sehen war, waren diese für 9-ODA, 9-HDA und 10-HDA signifikant (9-ODA: t = 6,5, df = 4, P = 0,003; 9-HDA: t = 7,4, df = 4, P = 0,002; 10-HDA: t = 3,5, df = 4, P = 0,024). Der Quotient der Pheromonkomponenten zueinander [9-ODA/(9-ODA+10-HDA+10-HDAA)] war signifikant höher für A. cerana als für A. mellifera Königinnen (t = 3,0, df = 4, P = 0,041, Tab. II). Für beide Arten waren die Königinnen jedoch attraktiv, die Arbeiterinnen bildeten eine Hofstaat, beleckten die Königin und zeigten normales Putz- und Fütterungsverhalten.

Diese Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, dass die Hofstaatbildung nicht auf ein spezifisches Königinnen-pheromon oder die Volkssituation zurückzuführen ist, und diese Interpretation stimmt mit bereits publizierten Ergebnissen überein (Pankiw et al., 1994; Hoover et al., 2005). Das nicht artspezifische Hofstaatverhalten in gemischten Kolonien deutet darauf hin, dass Königinnenpheromon von Arbeiterinnen über die Artgrenzen hinweg ohne Hindernisse und unabhängig von möglichen “suppressiven Faktoren” (Fletcher and Ross, 1985) oder “ehrlichen Signalen” (Peeters et al., 1999; Strauss et al., 2008) weitergegeben werden kann. Wir schliessen daraus dass das Hofstaatverhalten selbst, ebenso wie die Könginnenpheromone, die dieses Verhalten induzieren, anzestrale, konservierte Merkmale sind, die vor der Artenaufspaltung der apinen Bienen entstanden sind.

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Correspondence to Ken Tan or Sarah E. Radloff.

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Manuscript editor: Stan Schneider

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Yang, MX., Tan, K., Radloff, S.E. et al. Hetero-specific queen retinue behavior of worker bees in mixed-species colonies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera . Apidologie 41, 54–61 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009047

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009047