Abstract
The natural diversity of Bombus terrestris subspecies could be under threat from the commercialisation of bumblebees. Therefore, to determine whether commercially imported bumblebees are able to establish and spread, we carried out long-term observations of bumblebees in southern France. Our surveys occurred before, during, and after the importation (between 1989 and 1996) of thousands of colonies of the Sardinian subspecies B. t. sassaricus. Queens and males of B. t. sassaricus were observed foraging outside commercial greenhouses in 1991, 1993, and 1994 and feral workers were observed foraging on native vegetation nearly two years after the importation of B. t. sassaricus ceased. However, no B. t. sassaricus, or F1 hybrids were observed after 1998. We conclude that B. t. sassaricus remains inconspicuous in France and competition from the three native subspecies may have prevented it from becoming invasive. However, genetic interference through introgression cannot be ruled out.
Zusammenfassung
Obwohl die Kommerzialisierung der Hummelbestäubung ökonomisch wichtig ist, gibt es Befürchtungen, dass sich dieser Handel negativ auf einheimische Hummelpopulationen auswirkt (Velthuis und van Doorn, 2006). Innerhalb Europas werden einige Rassen von B. terrestris in großer Zahl in Gebiete eingeführt, in denen sie nicht heimisch sind. Es ist daher wichtig festzustellen, ob eingeführte Rassen sich im Freiland etablieren können und eventuell invasiv werden. Das Ziel unserer Arbeit war es, eine mögliche Ansiedlung der eingeführten sardischen Hummelrasse B. t. sassaricus in Südfrankreich zu dokumentieren.
Wir führten eine Langzeitstudie durch, die kurz vor der Einfuhr von B. t. sassaricus begann (zwischen 1989 und 1996) und 8 Jahre nach dem Ende des Imports abgeschlossen wurde. Während dieser Zeit untersuchten wir alle ans Mittelmeer angrenzende Departements des französischen Festlandes (Abb. 2–5).
Männchen und Königinnen von B. t. sassaricus entkamen ins Freiland und wurden in den Jahren 1991, 1993 und 1994 beim Sammeln außerhalb der Gewächshäuser beobachtet (Abb. 5). Wir fanden auch einige Arbeiterinnen in einer verwilderten Gegend nahe Gonfaron, Var, viele Kilometer vom nächsten Gewächshaus entfernt und fast zwei Jahre nachdem die Einfuhr von B. t. sassaricus beendet worden war. Allerdings wurden trotz fortlaufender Suche in der Nähe von Gonfaron und an 32 anderen Orten zwischen Hyères im Osten und Perpignan im Westen (Abb. 4) keine weiteren B. t. sassaricus mehr gefunden.
Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen eindeutig, dass kommerziell eingeführte Hummeln ins Freiland entkommen sind und in der Lage waren, sich einzubürgern. Allerdings scheinen verwilderte Populationen von B. t. sassaricus nach Beendigung des Imports nicht länger als zwei Jahre zu bestehen. Diese Ergebnisse sind überraschend wenn man berücksichtigt, dass B. t. sassaricus in Südfrankreich ein vertrautes Habitat vorfindet und dass B. terrestris in Ländern weit außerhalb des natürlichen Verbreitungsgebietes zur invasiven Art geworden ist (z.B. Japan). Wir vermuten, dass die Konkurrenz durch drei einheimische Rassen verhindert hat, dass B. t. sassaricus in Frankreich Fuß fassen konnte, im Gegensatz zur Situation in Japan, wo B. terrestris sich als neue Art etabliert hat. Bevor wir aber abschließend feststellen, dass die Auswirkungen durch den Import von B. t. sassaricus vernachlässigbar sind, müssen wir noch überprüfen, ob die Populationsstruktur von B. terrestris in Frankreich durch Hybridisierungen von B. t. sassaricus mit einheimischen Rassen verändert wurde.
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Ings, T.C., Ings, N.L., Chittka, L. et al. A failed invasion? Commercially introduced pollinators in Southern France. Apidologie 41, 1–13 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009044
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/apido/2009044


