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Diagnostik des Schlaganfalls — ein Update

Diagnosis in stroke — an update

  • Themenschwerpunkt „Schlaganfall“
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Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

In der täglichen Praxis weisen Schlaganfallpatienten meist folgende ätiopathogenetische Ursachen auf: ischämischer Schlaganfall verursacht durch Komplikationen der Atherothrombose, Schlaganfall durch intrakranielle Mikroangiopathie, Schlaganfall durch kardiale Embolie, primäre intrazerebrale Blutungen verursacht durch Hypertension oder subarachnoidale Blutungen, das Resultat eines rupturierten zerebralen Aneurysmas. Die klinisch relevanten Fragestellungen sind:

  1. Handelt es sich um einen Schlaganfall oder um eine andere Erkrankung?

  2. Handelt es sich bei dem Schlaganfall um eine ischämische Infarzierung oder eine Blutung?

  3. Wenn eine Ischämie besteht, welcher Subtyp des Schlaganfalls liegt vor?

Für diese Fragestellung ist die Computertomographie oder die Magnetresonanztomographie integraler Bestandteil der Diagnostik.

Neben der parenchymatösen Diagnostik mittels CT und MRT ist die nicht-invasive Gefäßdiagnostik zur Klärung der zugrundeliegenden ätiopathogenese notwendig, weil sich daraus unterschiedliche Therapiestrategien ergeben. Als in der Praxis sehr geeignete Methoden haben sich die Doppier- und Duplexsonographie sowie die MR-Angiographie etabliert. Ein weiterer Baustein der Diagnostik beim Schlaganfall ist der kardiologische Befund inklusive der Echokardiographie. Diverse Laborparameter runden das diagnostische Spektrum in Richtung spezifischer ätiologien weiter ab. In dem Artikel werden alle Methoden der Schlaganfalldiagnostik in Kürze abgehandelt und bezüglich ihrer klinischen Relevanz bewertet.

Summary

In practical day-to-day terms, most patients have one of the common causes of stroke: ischemic stroke caused by the complications of atherothrombosis, intracranial small Vessel disease, embolism from the heart, primary intracerebral hemorrhage caused by hypertension, or subarachnoid hemorrhage as a result of a ruptured saccular aneurysm.

There are three issues to be considered in assessing the reliability of the clinical diagnosis of stroke: the diagnosis of stroke itself: is it a stroke or not; whether the stroke is caused by an infarct or a hemorrhage and particular in ischemic stroke the site and size of the lesion (anterior vs. posterior circulation, lacunar vs. cortical, etc.) No clinical scoring method can differentiate with absolute reliability ischemic stroke from primary intracerebral hemorrhage. To do this brain computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is required. For vascular diagnosis ultrasound and magnetic resonance angiography are ideal and complementary non-invasive techniques. Both have no risks and are reasonably sensitive. Catheterangiography is only reserved for patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage with a view to surgical or endovascular treatment or in exceptional cases to establish a more firm prognosis. The diagnosis of ischemic stroke caused by embolism from the heart can only be considered at all if there is an identifiable cardioembolic source which is the case in about 30 % of ischemic stroke, a higher proportion in recent studies using transoesophageal echocardiography. It is not clear that transoesophageal echocardiography provides much more information for clinical decision-making than transthoracic echocardiography, although it certainly provides more anatomical information in selected patients. This article summarises the diagnostic armamentarium which is used for the diagnosis of stroke and gives an overview of clinically reliable and relevant measures.

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Correspondence to Franz T. Aichner.

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Aichner, F.T. Diagnostik des Schlaganfalls — ein Update. WMW 153, 14–20 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1563-258X.2003.02108.x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1563-258X.2003.02108.x

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