Skip to main content
Log in

Effect of ultraviolet radiation on vertebrate animals: update from ethological and medical perspectives

  • Perspective
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Many animals under human care are kept indoors to prevent infectious diseases vectored by wildlife, facilitate environment control, or due to the lifestyle of their owners. However, ultraviolet radiation has documented effects on animal vision, vitamin synthesis, immunity, behavior, psychogenic disorders and on their environment. Ultraviolet-emitting lights are commercially available and the documentation of their effect on indoor-housed animals is increasing. This article reviews published information about ultraviolet effects in vertebrate animals from veterinary and ethological perspectives, and techniques used to assess ultraviolet exposure across animal taxa.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. D. Hanelt, I. Hawes and R. Rae, Reduction of UV-B radiation causes an enhancement of photoinhibition in high light stressed aquatic plants from New Zealand lakes, J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2006, 84, 89–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. S. M. Aslam, J. D. Garlich and M. A. Qureshi, Vitamin D deficiency alters the immune responses of broiler chicks, Poult. Sci., 1998, 77, 842–849.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. P. A. Siroski, G. L. Poletta, L. Fernandez, H. H. Ortega and M. E. Merchant, Ultraviolet radiation on innate immunity and growth of broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris): implications for facilities design, Zoo Biol., 2012, 31, 523–533.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. R. Levandovski, B. Pfaffenseller, A. Carissimi, C. S. Gama and M. P. Hidalgo, The effect of sunlight exposure on interleukin-6 levels in depressive and non-depressive subjects, BMC Psychiatry, 2013, 13, 75.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. M. Stamper and K. J. Semmen, in Fowler’s Zoo and Wild Animal Medicine: Current Therapy, ed. M. E. Fowler and R. E. Miller, Elsevier Saunders, St. Louis, MO, 2012, vol. 7, pp. 187–194.

  6. E. Klaphake, A fresh look at metabolic bone diseases in reptiles and amphibians, Vet. Clin. North Am.: Exot. Anim. Pract., 2010, 13, 375–392.

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. Sweet, N. Kirkham, M. Bendall, L. Currey, J. Bythell and M. Heupel, Evidence of melanoma in wild marine fish populations, PLoS One, 2012, 7, e41989.

    Google Scholar 

  8. M. Watson and D. L. Mitchell, Vitamin D and ultraviolet B radiation considerations for exotic pets, J. Exot. Pet Med., 2014, 23, 369–379.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. R. E. Antwis and R. K. Browne, Ultraviolet radiation and Vitamin D3 in amphibian health, behaviour, diet and conservation, Comp. Biochem. Physiol, Part A: Mol. Integr. Physiol., 2009, 154, 184–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. D. W. Gardiner, F. M. Baines and K. Pandher, Photodermatitis and photokeratoconjunctivitis in a ball python (Python regius) and a blue-tongue skink (Tiliqua spp.), J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2009, 40, 757–766.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. C. Lupu and S. Robins, Determination of a safe and effective ultraviolet B radiant dose in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus): a pilot study, J. Avian Med. Surg., 2013, 27, 269–279.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. W. H. Gehrmann, in Reptile Medicine and Surgery, ed. D. R. Mader, Saunders Elsevier, St. Louis, MO, 2nd edn, 2006, pp. 1081–1084.

  13. M. Stanford, Effects of UVB radiation on calcium metabolism in psittacine birds, Vet. Rec, 2006, 236–241.

    Google Scholar 

  14. D. A. Schmidt, Ã. D. Mulkerin, D. R. Boehm, M. R. Ellersieck, Z. Lu, M. Campbell, et al., Quantifying the vitamin D3 synthesizing potential of UVB lamps at specific distances over time, Zoo Biol., 2010, 752, 741–752.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. T. R. Kwon, J. H. Kim, J. Y. Hong, J. Seok, J. M. Kim, D. H. Bak, et al., Irradiation with 310 nm and 340 nm ultraviolet light-emitting-diodes can improve atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2018, 17, 1127–1135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. B. M. Aucone, W. H. Gehrmann, G. W. Ferguson, T. C. Chen and M. F. Holick, Comparison of two artificial ultraviolet light sources used for chuckwalla, Sauromalus obesus, husbandry, J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., 2003, 13, 14–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. G. W. Ferguson, Ã. A. M. Brinker, W. H. Gehrmann, S. E. Bucklin, F. M. Baines and S. J. Mackin, Voluntary exposure of some western-hemisphere snake and lizard species to ultraviolet-B radiation in the field: how much ultraviolet-b should a lizard or snake receive in captivity ?, Zoo Biol., 2010, 334, 317–334.

    Google Scholar 

  18. R. L. McKenzie, P. J. Aucamp, A. F. Bais, L. O. Bjorn and M. Ilyas, Changes in biologically-active ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth’s surface, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 218–231.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. R. M. Burger, W. H. Gehrmann and G. W. Ferguson, Evaluation of UVB reduction by materials commonly used in reptile husbandry, Zoo Biol., 2007, 26, 417–423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. G. W. Ferguson, W. H. Gehrmann, T. C. Chen, E. S. Dierenfeld and M. F. Holick, Effects of artificial ultraviolet light exposure on reproductive success of the female panther chameleon (Furcifer pardalis) in captivity, Zoo Biol., 2002, 537, 525–537.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. G. W. Ferguson, W. H. Gehrmann, K. B. Karsten, S. H. Hammack, M. McRae, T. C. Chen, et al., Do panther chameleons bask to regulate endogenous vitamin D3 production?, Burns, 2003, 76, 52–59.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. C. Booth and J. H. Morrow, The penetration of UV into natural waters, Photochem. Photobiol., 1997, 65, 254–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. A. E.-D. R. Sayed, A. T. Ibrahim, I. A. Mekkawy and U. M. Mahmoud, Acute effects of ultraviolet-A radiation on African catfish Ciarías gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), J. Photochem. Photobiol., B, 2007, 89, 170–174.

    Google Scholar 

  24. D. P. Hader, E. W. Helbling, C. E. Williamson and R. C. Worrest, Effects of UV radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with climate change, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 242–260.

    Google Scholar 

  25. P. K. T. Pang and M. P. Scheibman, in Vertebrate Endocrinology, ed. P. K. T. Pang, Academic Press Limited, London, UK, 1989.

  26. R. de Lima Isaac, L. Urbano dos Santos, M. S. Tosetto, R. M. Franco and J. R. Guimaraes, Urban water reuse: microbial pathogens control by direct filtration and ultraviolet disinfection, J. Water Health, 2014, 12, 465–473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. I. Miocevic, J. Smith, L. Owens and R. Speare, Ultraviolet sterilisation of model viruses important to finfish aqua-culture in Australia, Aust. Vet. J., 1993, 70, 25–27.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Norval, R. M. Lucas, A. P. Cullen, F. R. de Gruijl, J. Longstreth, Y. Takizawa, et al., The human health effects of ozone depletion and interactions with climate change, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 199–225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. S. Allen, Aquarium or pond ultraviolet sterilization: how UV-C Sterilizers Work; from water clarification to true level 1 & 2 UVC sterilization, http://www.americanaquariumproducts.com/AquariumUVSterilization.html#flowtable, (accessed October 25th 2014).

  30. A. Gould, L. Molitor, K. Rockwell, M. Watson and M. A. Mitchell, Evaluating the physiologic effects of short duration ultraviolet B radiation exposure in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius), J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., 2018, 28, 34–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. G. W. Pye, S. C. Gait, B. Mulot, M. D. de Asua, E. Martinez-Nevado, C. J. Bonar, et al., Metabolic bone disease in juvenile koalas (Phascolartcos cinereus), J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2013, 44, 273–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. M. J. Acierno, M. A. Mitchell, M. K. Roundtree and T. T. Zachariah, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 synthesis in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans), Am.J. Vet. Res., 2006, 67, 2046–2049.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. M. J. Acierno, M. A. Mitchell, T. T. Zachariah, M. K. Roundtree, M. S. Kirchgessner and D. Sanchez-Migallon Guzman, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D 3 concentrations in corn snakes (Elaphe guttata), Am. J. Vet. Res., 2008, 69, 294–297.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. D. G. Oonincx, Y. Stevens, J. J. van den Borne, J. P. van Leeuwen and W. H. Hendriks, Effects of vitamin D 3 supplementation and UVb exposure on the growth and plasma concentration of vitamin D 3 metabolites in juvenile bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps), Comp. Biochem. Physiol, Part B: Biochem. Mol. Biol, 2010, 156, 122–128.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. W. Wu, S. R. Wang and W. Zhang, Effect of ultraviolet irradiation through glass on the level of the 25-hydroxy vitamin D and bone metabolism in rats, Zhongguo Dangdai Erke Zazhi, 2009, 11, 138–141.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. J. G. Johnson, D. L. Mitchell, S. Joslyn, T. M. Fan, I. Dobrucka and W. Dobrucki, Effect of ultraviolet B radiation on bone density in leopard geckos (Eublepharis macularius), Proceedings of the 21th Annual Conference of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Orlando, EL, 2014, p. 137.

    Google Scholar 

  37. S. Hoby, C. Wenker, N. Robert, T. Jermann, S. Hartnack, H. Segner, et al., Nutritional metabolic bone disease in juvenile veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus) and its prevention, J. Nutr., 2010, 140, 1923–1931.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. A. Zotti, P. Selleri, P. Carnier, M. Morgante and D. Bernardini, Relationship between metabolic bone disease and bone mineral density measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the green iguana (Iguana iguana), Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound, 2004, 45, 10–16.

    Google Scholar 

  39. M. Gramanzini, N. Di Girolamo, S. Gargiulo, A. Greco, N. Cocchia, M. Delogu, et al., Assessment of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for use in evaluating the effects of dietary and environmental management on Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni), Am. J. Vet. Res., 2013, 74, 918–924.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. J. Hedley and K. Eatwell, Paper The effects of UV light on calcium metabolism in ball pythons (Python regius), Vet. Rec., 2013, 173, 345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. J. A. Emerson, J. K. Whittington, M. C. Allender and M. A. Mitchell, Effects of ultraviolet radiation produced from artificial lights on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in captive domestic rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculi),Am. J. Vet. Res., 2014, 75, 380–384.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. A. E. Rivas, M. A. Mitchell, D. E. Herpetology, J. Flower, K. R. Welle and J. K. Whittington, Effects of ultraviolet radiation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d concentrations in captive chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger), J. Exot. Pet Med., 2014, 23, 270–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. K. Wangen, J. Kirshenbaum and D. L. Mitchell, Measuring 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in leopard geckos exposed to commercial ultraviolet B lights, 20th Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Indianapolis, IN, 2013, p. 42.

    Google Scholar 

  44. V. Jekl and S. Redrobe, Rabbit dental disease and calcium metabolism – the science behind divided opinions, J. Small Anim. Pract, 2013, 54, 481–490.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. R. De Matos, Calcium Metabolism in Birds, Vet. Clin. North Am.: Exot. Anim. Pract., 2008, 11, 59–82.

    Google Scholar 

  46. R. W. Kwong, D. Auprix and S. F. Perry, Involvement of the calcium-sensing receptor in calcium homeostasis in larval zebrafish exposed to low environmental calcium, Am. J. Physiol.: Regul., Integr. Comp. Physiol., 2014, 306, R211–R221.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. S. Alberton, C. Vergneau-Grosset and N. Summa, Advances in Exotic Animal Clinical Pathology, Vet. Clin. North Am.: Exot. Anim. Pract., 2019, 22, 367–385.

    Google Scholar 

  48. D. A. Hoy, C. F. Ramberg Jr. and R. L. Horst, Evidence that discrimination against ergocalciferol by the chick is the result of enhanced metabolic clearance rates for its mono-and dihydroxylated metabolites, J. Nutr., 1988, 118, 633–638.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. R. D. Hunt, F. G. Garcia, D. M. Hegsted and N. Kaplinsky, Vitamins D2 and D3 in new world primates: influence on calcium absorption, Science, 1967, 157(3791), 943–945.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. M. E. Allen, O. T. Oftedal and D. E. Ullrey, Effect of dietary calcium concentration on mineral composition of fox geckos (Hemidactylus garnoti) and Cuban tree frogs (Osteopilus septentrionalis), J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2013, 24, 118–128.

    Google Scholar 

  51. D. Haxhiu, S. Hoby, C. Wenker, A. Boos, M. P. Kowalewski, F. Lewis, et al., Influence of feeding and UVB exposition on the absorption mechanisms of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract of veiled chameleons (Chamaeleo calyptratus), J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr., 2014, 98(6), 1021–1030.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. M. F. Holick, Noncalcemic actions of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 and clinical applications, Bone, 1995, 17, 107S–111S.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. A. R. Webb and M. F. Holick, The role of sunlight in the cutaneous production of vitamin D3, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 1988, 8, 375–399.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. M. L. Johnson, L. Berger, L. Philips and R. Speare, Fungicidal effects of chemical disinfectants, UV light, desiccation and heat on the amphibian chytrid Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, Dis. Aquat. Org., 2003, 57, 255–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Z. Yin, V. Pintea, Y. Lin, B. D. Hammock and M. A. Watsky, Vitamin D enhances corneal epithelial barrier function, Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sci., 2011, 52, 7359–7364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. M. F. Holick, J. A. MacLaughlin, M. B. Clark, S. A. Holick, J. T. Potts Jr., R. R. Anderson, et al., Photosynthesis of pre-vitamin D3 in human skin and the physiologic consequences, Science, 1980, 210, 203–205.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. J.-F. Quinton, P. Prélaud, A. Poujade and N. Cochet Faivre, A Case of Actinic Keratosis in a Rabbit, J. Exot. Pet Med., 2014, 23, 283–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. C. M. Colitz, W. J. Saville, M. S. Renner, J. F. McBain, T. H. Reidarson, T. L. Schmitt, et al., Risk factors associated with cataracts and lens luxations in captive pinnipeds in the United States and the Bahamas, J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 2010, 237, 429–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. A. Albor and M. Kulesz-Martin, Novel initiation genes in squamous cell carcinomagenesis: a role for substrate-specific ubiquitylation in the control of cell survival, Mol. Carcinog., 2007, 46, 585–590.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. L. A. Houghton and R. Vieth, The case against ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) as a vitamin supplement, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2006, 84, 694–697.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. M. Watson, A.W Stern, A.L Labelle, S. Joslyn, T.M Fan, K. Leister, et al., Evaluating the clinical and physiological effects of long term ultraviolet B radiation on guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), PLoS One, 2014, 9, ell4413.

  62. S. J. Sanders, M. A. Mitchell, J. K. Whittington, M. Allender and K. Welle, Effects of artificial ultraviolet radiation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in captive guinea pigs, J. Exot. Pet Med., 2015, 24, 464–469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. T. Okano, K. Mizuno and T. Kobayashi, Identification and determination of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 in the blood and liver of vitamin D-deficient rats irradiated with ultraviolet light, J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol, 1978, 24, 511–518.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. R. J. Mellanby, A. P. Mee, J. L. Berry and M. E. Herrtage, Hypercalcaemia in two dogs caused by excessive dietary supplementation of vitamin D, J. Small Anim. Pract., 2005, 46, 334–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. G. R. van Sonsbeek, J. H. van der Kolk, J. P. van Leeuwen, H. Everts, J. Marais and W. Schaftenaar, Effect of calcium and cholecalciferol supplementation on several parameters of calcium status in plasma and urine of captive Asian (Elephas maximus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana), J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2013, 44, 529–540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Y Lin, J. L. Ubels, M. P. Schotanus, Z. Yin, V. Pintea, B. D. Hammock, et al., Enhancement of vitamin D metabolites in the eye following vitamin D3 supplementation and UV-B irradiation, Curr. Eye Res., 2012, 37, 871–878.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. F. M. Harcourt-Brown and S. J. Baker, Parathyroid hormone, haematological and biochemical parameters in relation to dental disease and husbandry in rabbits, J. Small Anim. Pract., 2001, 42, 130–136.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. V. Jekl, M. Gumpenberger, E. Jeklova, K. Hauptman, L. Stehlik and Z. Knotek, Impact of pelleted diets with different mineral compositions on the crown size of mandibular cheek teeth and mandibular relative density in degus (Octodon degus), Vet. Rec., 2011, 168, 641.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. M. Gumpenberger, E. Jeklova, M. Skoric, K. Hauptman, L. Stehlik, S. Dengg, et al., Impact of a high-phosphorus diet on the sonographic and CT appearance of kidneys in degus, and possible concurrence with dental problems, Vet. Rec., 2012, 170, 153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. N. Thilliez, S. Larrat and C. Vergneau-Grosset, Lack of association between exposure to natural sunlight and dental disease in French companion rabbits, J. Vet. Med. Surg, 2017, 1, 13–19.

    Google Scholar 

  71. G. W. Pye, W. Ellis, S. FitzGibbon, B. Opitz, L. Keener and B. W. Hollis, Serum vitamin D levels in free-ranging koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2013, 44, 480–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. O. N. Massengale and M. Nussmeier, The action of activated ergosterol in the chicken, J. Biol. Chem., 1930, 87, 423–425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. H. M. Edwards Jr., M. A. Elliot, S. Sooncharernying and W. M. Britton, Quantitative requirement for cholecalciferol in the absence of ultraviolet light, Poult. Sci., 1994, 73, 288–294.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. R. Brommage and H. F. DeLuca, Evidence that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is the physiologically active metabolite of vitamin D3, Endocr. Rev., 1985, 6, 491–511.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. W. Schaftenaar and J. van Leeuwen, The influence of ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth of marabou stork (Leptoptilos crumeniferus) nestlings n relation to plasma calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D3 concentrations, J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2015, 46, 682–690.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. J. Rajchard, Ultraviolet (UV) light perception by birds: a review, Vet. Med., 2009, 54, 351–359.

    Google Scholar 

  77. R. Wiltschko, U. Munro, H. Ford, K. Stapput, P. Thalau and W. Wiltschko, Orientation of migratory birds under ultraviolet light, J. Comp. Physiol, A, 2014, 200, 399–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. J. Chavez, A. Kelber, M. Vorobyev and O. Lind, Unexpectedly low UV-sensitivity in a bird, the budgerigar, Biol. Lett., 2014, 10, 20140670.

    Google Scholar 

  79. J. Greenwood, E. L. Smith, A. R. Goldsmith, I. C. Cuthill, L. H. Crisp, M. B. Walter-Swan, et al., Does the flicker frequency of fluorescent lighting affect the welfare of captive European starlings?, Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci., 2004, 86, 145–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. G. W. Ferguson, W. H. Gehrmann, K. B. Karsten, A. J. Landwer, E. N. Carman, T. C. Chen, et al., Ultraviolet exposure and vitamin D synthesis in a sun-dwelling and a shade-dwelling species of Anolis: are there adaptations for lower ultraviolet B and dietary vitamin D3 availability in the shade?, Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 2005, 78, 193–200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. E. N. Carman, G. W. Ferguson, W. H. Gehrmann, T. C. Chen and M. E. Holick, Photobiosynthetic opportunity and ability for UV-B generated vitamin D synthesis in free-living house geckos (Hemidactylus turcicus) and Texas spiny lizards (Sceloporus olivaceous), Copeia, 2000, 1, 245–250.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. P. Selleri and N. Di Girolamo, Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations in Hermann’s tortoises (Testudo hermanni) exposed to natural sunlight and two artificial ultraviolet radiation sources, Am. J. Vet. Res., 2012, 73, 1781–1786.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. K. R. Kroenlein, K. L. Zimmerman, G. Saunders and S. D. Holladay, Serum vitamin D levels and skeletal and general development of young bearded dragon lizards (Pogona vitticeps), under different conditions of UV-B radiation exposure, J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 2011, 10, 229–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. G. W. Ferguson, W. H. Gehrmann, K. A. Bradley, B. Lawrence, R. Hartdegen, T. Storms, et al., Summer and winter seasonal changes in vitamin D status of captibe rhinoceros iguanas (Cyclura cornuta), J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., 2015, 25, 128–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. G. W. Fergusonj, W. H. Gehrmannr, B. Peavy, C. Painter, R. Hartdegen, T. C. Chen, et al., Restoring Vitamin D in monitor lizards: exploring the efficacy of dietary and UVB sources, J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., 2009, 19, 81–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. G. W. Ferguson, Indoor husbandry of the Panther chameleon Chamaeleo [Furcifer] pardalis: Effects of dietary vitamins A and D and ultraviolet irradiation on pathology and life-history traits, Zoo Biol., 1996, 15, 275–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. M. Finke, S. Dunham and C. Kwabi, Evaluation of four dry commercial gut loading products for improving the calcium content of crickets, Acheta domesticus, J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., 2005, 15, 7–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. D. G. Oonincx and A. F. van der Poel, Effects of diet on the chemical composition of migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria), Zoo Biol., 2011, 30, 9–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. D. G. Oonincx, M. D. van de Wal, G. Bosch, J. B. Stumpel, A. C. Heijboer, J. P. van Leeuwen, et al., Blood vitamin D3 metabolite concentrations of adult female bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) remain stable after ceasing UVb exposure, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Part B: Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2013 165, 196-200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. K. O. Heckers, Pigment-forming tumors in reptiles: light regime and its dark sides, Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Association of Reptilian and Amphibian Veterinarians, Orlando, FL, 2014, pp. 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  91. K. O. Heckers, H. Aupperle, V Schmidt and M. Pees, Melanophoromas and iridophoromas in reptiles, J. Comp. Pathol., 2012, 146, 258–268.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. N. R. LeBas and N. J. Marshall, The role of colour in signalling and male choice in the agamid lizard Ctenophorus ornatus, Proc. Biol. Sci., 2000, 267, 445–452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. J. E. Garcia, D. Rohr and A. G. Dyer, Trade-off between camouflage and sexual dimorphism revealed by UV digital imaging: the case of Australian Mallee dragons (Ctenophorus fordi), J. Exp. Biol., 2013, 216, 4290– 4298.

  94. A. R. Blaustein and L. K. Belden, Amphibian defenses against ultraviolet-B radiation, Evol. Dev., 2003, 5, 89–97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. S. D. Shaw, P. J. Bishop, C. Harvey, L. Berger, L. F. Skerratt, K. Callon, et al., Fluorosis as a probable factor in metabolic bone disease in captive New Zealand native frogs (Leiopelma species), J. Zoo Wildlife Med., 2012, 43, 549–565.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. M. C. Croteau, C. J. Martyniuk, V. L. Trudeau and D. R. Lean, Chronic exposure of Rana pipiens, tadpoles to UVB radiation and the estrogenic chemical 4-tert-octylphenol, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A, 2008, 71, 134–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. M. C. Croteau, M. A. Davidson, D. R. Lean and V. L. Trudeau, Global increases in ultraviolet B radiation: potential impacts on amphibian development and metamorphosis, Physiol. Biochem. Zool., 2008, 81, 743–761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. A. Martinez-Silvestre, F. Amat, F. Bargallo and S. Carranza, Incidence of pigmented skin tumors in a population of wild Montseny brook newt (Calotriton arnoldi), J. Wildl. Dis., 2011, 47,410–414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. E. Markkula, H. M. Salo, K. Rikalainen and I. E. Jokinen, Long-term UVB irradiation affects the immune functions of carp (Cyprinus carpio) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Photochem. Photobiol, 2009, 85, 347–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. I. E. Jokinen, E. S. Markkula, H. M. Salo, P. Kuhn, S. Nikoskelainen, M. T. Arts, et al., Exposure to increased ambient ultraviolet B radiation has negative effects on growth, condition and immune function of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), Photochem. Photobiol., 2008, 84, 1265–1271.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. R. S. Nairn, D. C. Morizot, S. Kazianis, A. D. Woodhead and R. B. Setlow, Nonmammalian models for sunlight carcinogenesis: genetic analysis of melanoma formation in Xiphophorus hybrid fish, Photochem. Photobiol., 1996, 64, 440–448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. T. J. Lewis, Toxicity and cytopathogenic properties toward human melanoma cells of activated cancer therapeutics in zebra fish, Integr. Cancer Ther., 2010, 9, 84–92.

    Google Scholar 

  103. A. R. Harborne, The ecology, behaviour and physiology of fishes on coral reef flats, and the potential impacts of climate change, J. Fish Biol., 2013, 83, 417–447.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. C. Lowe and G. Goodman-Lowe, Suntanning in hammerhead sharks, Nature, 1996, 383, 677.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. I. P. Rick and T. C. Bakker, Males do not see only red: UV wavebands and male territorial aggression in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus), Naturwissenschaften, 2008, 95, 631–638.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. J. C. Partridge and I. C. Cuthill, Animal behaviour: ultraviolet fish faces, Curr. Biol., 2010, 20, R318–R320.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. M. H. Olson, M. R. Colip, J. S. Gerlach and D. L. Mitchell, Quantifying ultraviolet radiation mortality risk in bluegill larvae: effects of nest location, Ecol. Appl., 2006, 16, 328– 338.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Claire Vergneau-Grosset.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Vergneau-Grosset, C., Péron, F. Effect of ultraviolet radiation on vertebrate animals: update from ethological and medical perspectives. Photochem Photobiol Sci 19, 752–762 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00488b

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00488b

Navigation