Skip to main content
Log in

The regioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction of 2-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)quinoxaline in solution

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Herein, the [2 + 2] photocycloaddition between two molecules of (E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)-quinoxaline (1) in an acetonitrile solution to form only one cyclobutane isomer out of eleven possible isomers is described. The observed photocycloaddition reaction is reversible; thus, the studied photocycloaddition reaction can be considered as a photoreversible photochromic process. The removal of two methoxy groups from the (E)-2-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)quinoxaline (1) structure produces compound 2, which participates only in the photoisomerization reaction. The change of the quinoxaline residue in 1 to quinoline results in the formation of compound 3, which demonstrates the regioselective oxidization electrocyclic transformation through the formation of a novel C–N bond.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes and references

  1. G. Likhtenshtein, Stilbenes: Applications in Chemistry, Life Sciences and Materials Science, WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2010, pp. 99–137.

  2. V. Botti, F. Elisei, U. Mazzucato, I. Sagud, M. Sindler-Kulyk and A. Spalletti, Effect of the positional isomerism on the photoreactivity of styryloxazoles, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2016, 316, 95–103.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. G. S. Hammond, J. Saltiel, A. A. Lamola, N. J. Turro, J. S. Bradshaw, D. O. Cowan, R. C. Counsil, V. Vogt and C. Dalton, Mechanisms of photochemical reactions in solution. XXII. 1 Photochemical cis-trans isomerization, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1964, 86, 3197.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. L.-Y. Yang, M. Harigai, Y. Imamoto, M. Kataoka, T.-I. Ho, E. Andrioukhina, O. Federova, S. Shevyakov and R. S. H. Liu, Stilbene analogs in Hula-twist photoisomerization, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 874.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. W. Feng, M. Satyanarayana, Y.-C. Tsai, A. A. Liu, L. F. Liu and E. J. LaVoie, 11-Substituted 2, 3-dimethoxy-8, 9-methylenedioxybenzo[i]phenanthridine derivatives as novel topoisomerase I-targeting agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem., 2008, 16, 8598.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. M. Hranjec, B. Lučić, I. Ratkaj, S. Kraljevic, I. Piantanida, K. Pavelic and G. Karminski-Zamola, Novel imidazo [4, 5-b] pyridine and triaza-benzo [c] fluorene derivatives: Synthesis, antiproliferative activity and DNA binding studies, Eur. J. Med. Chem., 2011, 46, 2748.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. O. A. Fedorova, E. N. Gulakova, Yu. V. Fedorov, I. E. Lobazova, M. V. Alfimov and G. Jonusauskas, A photochemical electrocyclization of the benzothiazolylphenylethenes involving a CN bond formation, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2008, 196, 239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. S. Yamada, K. Yamagami and S. Oaku, [2+2] photodimerization of (E)-styrylthiazoles through cation–π-controlled preorientation, Tetrahedron Lett., 2016, 57, 2451.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. S. Farid, S. E. Hartman and C. D. DeBoer, Reversible energy transfer and oxetane formation in the photoreactions of carbonyl compounds with benzofurans, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1975, 97, 808.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. A. A. Parent, D. H. Ess and J. A. Katzenellenbogen, π–π Interaction Energies as Determinants of the Photodimerization of Mono-, Di-, and Triazastilbenes, J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79, 5448.

    Google Scholar 

  11. O. Fedorova, Yu. V. Fedorov, E. Gulakova, N. Schepel, M. Alfimov, U. Golib and J. Saltiel, Supramolecular photochemical synthesis of an unsymmetrical cyclobutane, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2007, 6, 1097.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. E. N. Gulakova, D. V. Berdnikova, T. M. Aliyeu, Y. V. Fedorov, I. A. Godovikov and O. A. Fedorova, Regiospecific C–N Photocyclization of 2-Styrylquinolines, J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79, 5533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T. M. Aliyeu, D. V. Berdnikova, O. A. Fedorova, E. N. Gulakova, C. Stremmel and H. Ihmels, J. Org. Chem., 2016, 81, 9075.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. D. V. Berdnikova, T. M. Aliyeu, T. Paululat, Y. V. Fedorov, O. A. Fedorov and H. Ihmels, Regiospecific Photocyclization of Mono-and Bis-Styryl-Substituted N-Heterocycles: A Synthesis of DNA-Binding Benzo [c] quinolizinium Derivatives, Chem. Commun., 2015, 51(23), 4906.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. L. G. Kuz’mina, A. G. Sitin, E. N. Gulakova, O. A. Fedorova, E. Kh. Lermontova and A. V. Churakov, Molecular structures and crystal packings of 2-styrylquinoxaline derivatives, Crystallogr. Rep., 2012, 57 ,85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. A. Bax and D. G. Davis, Practical aspects of two-dimensional transverse NOE spectroscopy, J. Magn. Reson., 1985, 63, 207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Z. Rappoport and J. F. Liebman, The Chemistry of Cyclobutanes, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2005, ch. 6, pp. 213–257.

  18. E. V. Tulyakova, O. A. Fedorova, Yu. V. Fedorov and A. V. Anisimov, [2+2]-Photocycloaddition reaction of selfassembled crown-containing 2-styrylpyridinium perchlorate in a solid state, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2008, 200, 90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Vansant, S. Toppet, G. Smets, J. P. Declercq, G. Germain and M. Van Meerssche, Azastilbenes. 2. Photodimerization, J. Org. Chem., 1980, 45, 1565.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. V. Ramamurthy and J. Sivaguru, Supramolecular photochemistry as a potential synthetic tool: photocycloaddition, Chem. Rev., 2016, 116, 9914.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. D. V. Berdnikova, T. M. Aliyeu, S. Delbaere, Y. V. Fedorov, G. Jonusauskas, V. V. Novikov, A. A. Pavlov, A. S. Peregudov, N. E. Shepel, F. I. Zubkov and O. A. Fedorova, Regio-and stereoselective [2+2] photocycloaddition in Ba2+ templated supramolecular dimers of styryl-derivatized aza-heterocycles, Dyes Pigm., 2017, 139, 397.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. S. Yamada, Y. Nojiri and M. Sugawara, [2+2] Photodimerization of (Z)-4-styrylpyridine through a cation–π interaction: formation of cis–cis–trans dimers, Tetrahedron Lett., 2010, 51, 2533.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. A. Nakamura, H. Irie, S. Hara, M. Sugawara and S. Yamada, Regiospecific [2+2] photocyclodimerization of trans-4-styrylpyridines templated by cucurbit [8] uril, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2011, 10, 1496.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. B. Bibal, C. Mongin and D. M. Bassani, Template effects and supramolecular control of photoreactions in solution, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2014, 43, 4179.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. H. Maeda, K. Nishimura, R. Hiranabe and K. Mizuno, Synthesis of silicon-containing macrocyclic compounds by using intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of bis-dimethylsilyl-linked styrenes and stilbenes, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2018, 364, 472.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. L. R. MacGillivray, G. S. Papaefstathiou, T. Friscic, T. D. Hamilton, D.-K. Bucar, Q. Chu, D. B. Varshney and I. G. Georgiev, Supramolecular control of reactivity in the solid state: from templates to ladderanes to metal- organic frameworks, Acc. Chem. Res., 2008, 41, 280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. F. Li, J. Zhuang, G. Jiang, H. Tang, A. Xia, L. Jiang, Y. Song, Y. Li and D. Zhu, A Rewritable Optical Data Storage Material System by [2+2] Photocycloreversion-Photocycloaddition, Chem. Mater., 2008, 20, 1194.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. A. A. Parent, D. H. Ess and J. A. Katzenellenbogen, π–π Interaction Energies as Determinants of the Photodimerization of Mono-, Di-, and Triazastilbenes, J. Org. Chem., 2014, 79, 5448.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. E. N. Ushakov and S. P. Gromov, Supramolecular methods for controlling intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition reactions of unsaturated compounds in solutions, Russ. Chem. Rev., 2015, 84, 787.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. G. M. J. Schmidt, Photodimerization in the solid state, J. Pure Appl. Chem., 1971, 27, 647.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. W. K. Schierlein and V. Prelog, Stoffwechselprodukte von Actinomyceten. 8. Mitteilung. Hydrolyseprodukte de Echinomycins: D-Serin, L-Alanin und Chinoxalincarbonsäure-(2), Helv. Chim. Acta, 1957, 40, 205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. J.-P. Desvergne and H. Bouas-Laurent, Photochromism: Molecular and Systems, Elsevier Science, 2003, pp. 539–560.

  33. J. C. Namyslo and D. E. Kaufmann, The application of cyclobutane derivatives in organic synthesis, Chem. Rev., 2003, 103 ,1485.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. N. Hoffmann, Bioactive cyclobutane-containing alkaloids, Chem. Rev., 2008, 108, 1052.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. V. M. Dembitsky, J. Nat. Med., 2008, 62, 1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. V. M. Dembitsky, Naturally occurring bioactive Cyclobutane-containing (CBC) alkaloids in fungi, fungal endophytes, and plants, Phytomedicine, 2014, 21, 1559.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. S. Delbaere, J.-C. Micheau and G. Vermeersch, NMR Kinetic Investigations of the Photochemical and Thermal Reactions of a Photochromic Chromene, J. Org. Chem., 2003, 68, 8968–8973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. E. V. Tulyakova, G. Vermeersch, E. N. Gulakova, O. A. Fedorova, Y. V. Fedorov, J. C. Micheau and S. Delbaere, Metal Ions Drive Thermodynamics and Photochemistry of the Bis(styryl) Macrocyclic Tweezer, Chem. – Eur. J., 2010, 16, 5661–5671.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Olga A. Fedorova.

Additional information

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00028c

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Fedorova, O.A., Saifutiarova, A.E., Gulakova, E.N. et al. The regioselective [2 + 2] photocycloaddition reaction of 2-(3,4-dimethoxystyryl)quinoxaline in solution. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18, 2208–2215 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00028c

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00028c

Navigation