Abstract
The formation and photoreactivity of a series of mixed co-crystals containing 4-stilbazole along with both 4,6-dichlororesorcinol and 4,6-dibromoresorcinol at various ratios is reported. In all cases, the quantitative [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction yields an identical head-to- tail photoproduct, namely rctt-1,3-bis(4-pyridyl)-2,4-bis (phenyl)cyclobutane. The selectivity in the cycloaddition reaction occurred due to a shorter distance observed between two carbon–carbon double bonds that were found between and not within the hydrogen-bonded assemblies.
Notes and references
(a) O. Shemchuk, D. Braga and F. Grepioni, Alloying barbituric and thiobarbituric acids: from solid solutions to a highly stable keto co-crystal form, Chem. Commun., 2016, 52, 11815; (b) S. Chen, H. Xi, R. F. Henry, I. Marsden and G. G. Z. Zhang, Chiral co-crystal solid solution: structures, melting point phase diagram, and chiral enrichment of (ibuprofen)• 2(4,4-dipyridyl), CrystEngComm, 2010, 12, 1485; (c) M. A. Oliveira, M. L. Peterson and D. Klein, Continuously Substituted Solid Solutions of Organic Co-Crystals, Cryst. Growth Des., 2008, 8, 4487; (d) A. J. Cruz-Cabeza, M. Lestari and M. Lusi, Cocrystals Help Break the “Rules” of Isostructurality: Solid Solutions and Polymorphism in the Malic/Tartaric Acid System, Cryst. Growth Des., 2018, 18, 855.
(a) T. Le Roex, L. R. Nassimbeni and E. Weber, Clathrates with mixed guests, Chem. Commun., 2007, 1124; (b) N. M. Sykes, H. Su, E. Weber, S. A. Bourne and L. R. Nassimbeni, Crystallisation temperature control of stoichiometry and selectivity in host-guest compounds, CrystEngComm, 2017, 19, 5892; (c) A. Grandeury, E. Condamine, L. Hilfert, G. Gouhier, S. Petit and G. Coquerel, Chiral Discrimination in Host−Guest Supramolecular Complexes. Understanding Enantioselectivity and Solid Solution Behaviors by Using Spectroscopic Methods and Chemical Sensors, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2007, 111, 7017.
(a) M.-M. Gan, J.-G. Yu, Y.-Y. Wang and Y.-F. Han, Template-Directed Photochemical [2+2] Cycloaddition in Crystalline Materials: A Useful Tool to Access Cyclobutane Derivatives, Cryst. Growth Des., 2018, 18, 553; (b) V. Ramamurthy and J. Sivaguru, Supramolecular Photochemistry as a Potential Synthetic Tool: Photocycloaddition, Chem. Rev., 2016, 116, 9914; (c) K. Biradha and R. Santra, Crystal engineering of topochemical solid state reactions, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, 42, 950.
(a) M. K. Corpinot and D.-K. Bučar, A Practical Guide to the Design of Molecular Crystals, Cryst. Growth Des., 2019, 19, 1426; (b) M. Paul, S. Chakraborty and G. D. Desiraju, Six-Component Molecular Solids: ABC[D1−(x+y)ExFy]2, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2018, 140, 2309.
(a) M. Lusi, A rough guide to molecular solid solutions: design, synthesis and characterization of mixed crystals, CrystEngComm, 2018, 20, 7042; (b) M. Lusi, Engineering Crystal Properties through Solid Solutions, Cryst. Growth Des., 2018, 18, 3704.
M. A. Khoj, C. E. Hughes, K. D. M. Harris and B. M. Kariuki, Structural Diversity of Solid Solutions Formed between 3-Chloro-trans-cinnamic acid and 3-Bromo-trans-cinnamic acid, Cryst. Growth Des., 2017, 17, 1276.
D.-K. Bučar, A. Sen, S. V. S. Mariappan and L. R. MacGillivray, A [2+2] Cross-Photodimerisation of Photostable Olefins via a Three-component Cocrystal Solid Solution, Chem. Commun., 2012, 48, 1790.
A. L. Grobelny, N. P. Rath and R. H. Groeneman, Varying the regiochemistry of a [2+2] cycloaddition reaction within isostructural hydrogen bonded co-crystals containing 4-stilbazole, CrystEngComm, 2018, 20, 3951.
A. L. Grobelny, F. A. Verdu and R. H. Groeneman, Solventfree synthesis and purification of a photoproduct via sublimation of a tetrahalogenated template, CrystEngComm, 2017, 19, 3562.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details, single crystal and powder X-ray data, and 1H NMR spectra. CCDC 1867907–1867910. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00004f
The initial percent of (4,6-diCl res) and (4,6-diBr res) within each mixed cocrystal was based upon the stoichiometric amounts used in the co-crystallization process.
The experimental percent of (4,6-diCl res) and (4,6-diBr res) within each mixed co-crystal was determined from diffraction data by using free variable refinements to obtain the relative ratio of each component.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Grobelny, A.L., Rath, N.P. & Groeneman, R.H. Regioselective photoreactions within a series of mixed co-crystals containing isosteric dihalogenated resorcinols with 4-stilbazole. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18, 989–992 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00004f
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c9pp00004f