Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

In vitro evaluation of experimental light activated gels for tooth bleaching

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Dental bleaching is an important part of aesthetic dentistry. Various strategies have been created to enhance the bleaching efficacy. As one such strategy, light-activated nanoparticles that enable localized generation of reactive oxygen species have been developed. Here, we evaluated the cellular response to experimental gels containing these materials in in vitro models. L-929 cells, 3T3 cells, and gingival fibroblasts were exposed to the gels at 50%, 10%, 2%, 0.4%, 0.08%, 0.016%, and 0.0032%. The gels contained TiO2/Ag nanoparticles, TiO2 nanoparticles, hydrogen peroxide (6% hydrogen peroxide), or no added component and were tested with and without exposure to light. Cells were exposed to gels for 24 h or for 30 min. The latter case mimics the clinical situation of a short bleaching gel exposure. Metabolic activity and cell viability were evaluated with MTT and neutral red assays, respectively. We found a dose-dependent reduction of formazan formation and neutral red staining with gels containing TiO2/Ag nanoparticles or TiO2 nanoparticles in the 24 h setting with and without illumination. The strongest reduction, which was not dose-dependent in the evaluated concentrations, was found for the gel containing hydrogen peroxide. Gels with TiO2 nanoparticles showed a similar response to gel without particles. TiO2/Ag gel showed a slightly higher impact. When the gels were removed by rinsing after 30 min of exposure without light illumination, gel containing TiO2/Ag nanoparticles showed a stronger reduction of formazan formation and neutral red staining than gel containing TiO2 particles. Exposure of cells for 30 min under illumination and consequent rinsing off the gels also showed that Ag-containing particles can have a higher impact on the metabolic activity and viability than particles from TiO2. Overall our results show that experimental bleaching gels containing TiO2/Ag or TiO2 nanoparticles are less cytotoxic than hydrogen peroxide-containing gel. When gels are removed, gel containing TiO2/Ag particles exhibit a stronger reduction of metabolic activity and viability than the gel containing TiO2.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Ag:

Silver

CE:

European conformity

GF:

Gingival fibroblasts

h:

Hours

H2O2:

Hydrogen peroxide

illu. co.:

Illuminated control

LED:

Light emitting diode

mbar:

Millibar

MD:

Maximal dose, defined as 50% (v/v)

min:

Minutes

NPs:

Nanoparticles

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

TiO2:

Titanium dioxide

UV:

Ultraviolet

W/O:

Without (illumination)

References

  1. C. D. Presoto, J. F. Bortolatto, P. P. F. de Carvalho, T. C. Trevisan, M. C. Floros and O. B. de Oliveira Junior, New Parameter for In-Office Dental Bleaching, Case Rep. Dent., 2016, 2016, 6034757.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. A. Joiner and W. Luo, Tooth colour and whiteness: A review, J. Dent., 2017, 67S, S3–S10.

  3. J. Montero, C. Gómez-Polo, J. A. Santos, M. Portillo, M. C. Lorenzo and A. Albaladejo, Contributions of dental colour to the physical attractiveness stereotype, J. Oral Rehabil., 2014, 41, 768–782.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. A. Joiner, The bleaching of teeth: a review of the literature, J. Dent., 2006, 34, 412–419.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. S. Gurgan, F. Y. Cakir and E. Yazici, Different light-activated in-office bleaching systems: a clinical evaluation, Lasers Med. Sci., 2010, 25, 817–822.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. L. C. A. G. de Almeida, H. Riehl, P. H. dos Santos, M. L. M. M. Sundfeld and A. L. F. Briso, Clinical evaluation of the effectiveness of different bleaching therapies in vital teeth, Int. J. Periodontics Restorative Dent., 2012, 32, 303–309.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. P. F. L. Dawson, M. O. Sharif, A. B. Smith and P. A. Brunton, A clinical study comparing the efficacy and sensitivity of home vs combined whitening, Oper. Dent., 2011, 36, 460–466.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. C. R. Serraglio, L. Zanella, K. B. Dalla-Vecchia and S. A. Rodrigues Junior, Efficacy and safety of over-thecounter whitening strips as compared to home-whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide gel–systematic review of RCTs and metanalysis, Clin. Oral Investig., 2016, 20, 1–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. R. J. G. De Moor, J. Verheyen, A. Diachuk, P. Verheyen, M. A. Meire, P. J. De Coster, F. Keulemans, M. De Bruyne and L. J. Walsh, Insight in the chemistry of laser-activated dental bleaching, Sci. World J., 2015, 2015, 650492.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. Martín, P. Vildósola, C. Bersezio, A. Herrera, J. Bortolatto, J. R. C. Saad, O. B. Oliveira and E. Fernández, Effectiveness of 6% hydrogen peroxide concentration for tooth bleaching —A double-blind, randomized clinical trial, J. Dent., 2015, 43, 965–972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. B. M. Maran, A. Burey, T. de Paris Matos, A. D. Loguercio and A. Reis, In-office dental bleaching with light vs. without light: A systematic review and meta-analysis, J. Dent., 2018, 70, 1–13.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. E. Klaric Sever, Z. Budimir, M. Cerovac, M. Stambuk, M. Par, D. Negovetic Vranic and Z. Tarle, Clinical and patient reported outcomes of bleaching effectiveness, Acta Odontol. Scand., 2018, 76, 30–38.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. I. Luque-Martinez, A. Reis, M. Schroeder, M. A. Muñoz, A. D. Loguercio, D. Masterson and L. C. Maia, Comparison of efficacy of tray-delivered carbamide and hydrogen peroxide for at-home bleaching: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin. Oral Investig., 2016, 20, 1419–1433.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. A. Majeed, I. Farooq, S. R. Grobler and M. H. Moola, In vitro evaluation of variances between real and declared concentration of hydrogen peroxide in various tooth-whitening products, Acta Odontol. Scand., 2015, 73, 387–390.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. K. Chemin, M. Rezende, A. D. Loguercio, A. Reis and S. Kossatz, Effectiveness of and Dental Sensitivity to Athome Bleaching With 4 and 10 Hydrogen Peroxide: A Randomized, Triple-blind Clinical Trial, Oper. Dent., 2018, 43, 232–240.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. M. Rezende, K. Chemin, S. C. Vaez, A. C. Peixoto, J. de F. Rabelo, S. S. L. Braga, A. L. Faria-E-Silva, G. R. da Silva, C. J. Soares, A. D. Loguercio and A. Reis, Effect of topical application of dipyrone on dental sensitivity reduction after in-office dental bleaching: A randomized, triple-blind multicenter clinical trial, J. Am. Dent. Assoc., 2018, 149, 363–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. B. Rossi, P. M. Freitas, T. K. Tedesco, F. Gonçalves and L. S. Ferreira, Tooth color changes and sensitivity in patients undergoing dental bleaching with 10% hydrogen peroxide using customized trays or strips: a randomized clinical trial, Minerva Stomatol., 2018, 67, 55–61.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. A. M. Kielbassa, M. Maier, A.-K. Gieren and E. Eliav, Tooth sensitivity during and after vital tooth bleaching: A systematic review on an unsolved problem, Quintessence Int., 2015, 46, 881–897.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. C. J. Tredwin, S. Naik, N. J. Lewis and C. Scully, Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching) products: review of adverse effects and safety issues, Br. Dent. J., 2006, 200, 371–376.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. A. L. B. Jurema, M. Y. de Souza, C. R. G. Torres, A. B. Borges and T. M. F. Caneppele, Effect of pH on whitening efficacy of 35% hydrogen peroxide and enamel microhardness, J. Esthet. Restor. Dent., 2018, 30, E39–E44.

  21. G. C. Lopes, L. Bonissoni, L. N. Baratieri, L. C. C. Vieira and S. Monteiro, Effect of bleaching agents on the hardness and morphology of enamel, J. Esthet. Restor. Dent., 2002, 14, 24–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. R. F. Lia Mondelli, T. R. C. Garrido Gabriel, F. A. Piola Rizzante, A. C. Magalhães, J. F. Soares Bombonatti and S. K. Ishikiriama, Do different bleaching protocols affect the enamel microhardness?, Eur. J. Dent., 2015, 9, 25–30.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  23. S. Naik, C. J. Tredwin and C. Scully, Hydrogen peroxide tooth-whitening (bleaching): review of safety in relation to possible carcinogenesis, Oral Oncol., 2006, 42, 668–674.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. L. J. Walsh, Safety issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry, Aust. Dent. J., 2000, 45, 257–269; quiz 289.

  25. COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2011/84/EU of 20 September 2011, amending Directive 76/768/EEC, concerning cosmetic products, for the purpose of adapting Annex III thereto to technical progress, Official Journal of the European Union, L 283/36–38.

  26. R. J. G. De Moor, J. Verheyen, P. Verheyen, A. Diachuk, M. A. Meire, P. J. De Coster, M. De Bruyne and F. Keulemans, Laser teeth bleaching: evaluation of eventual side effects on enamel and the pulp and the efficiency in vitro and in vivo, Sci. World J., 2015, 2015, 835405.

    Google Scholar 

  27. J. F. Bortolatto, T. C. Trevisan, P. S. I. Bernardi, E. Fernandez, L. N. Dovigo, A. D. Loguercio, O. Batista de Oliveira Junior and H. Pretel, A novel approach for in-office tooth bleaching with 6% H2O2/TiO_N and LED/laser system-a controlled, triple-blinded, randomized clinical trial, Lasers Med. Sci., 2016, 31, 437–444.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. M. A. Pérez-Díaz, L. Boegli, G. James, C. Velasquillo, R. Sánchez-Sánchez, R.-E. Martínez-Martínez, G. A. Martínez-Castañón and F. Martinez-Gutierrez, Silver nanoparticles with antimicrobial activities against Streptococcus mutans and their cytotoxic effect, Mater. Sci. Eng., C, 2015, 55, 360–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. F. Martinez-Gutierrez, L. Boegli, A. Agostinho, E. M. Sánchez, H. Bach, F. Ruiz and G. James, Anti-biofilm activity of silver nanoparticles against different microorganisms, Biofouling, 2013, 29, 651–660.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. K. Markowska, A. M. Grudniak and K. I. Wolska, Silver nanoparticles as an alternative strategy against bacterial biofilms, Acta Biochim. Pol., 2013, 60, 523–530.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. G. Quiram, F. Montagner, K. L. Palmer, M. C. Stefan, K. E. Washington and D. C. Rodrigues, Novel Chlorhexidine-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles for Root Canal Treatment, J. Funct. Biomater., 2018, 9, pii: E29.

  32. C. Covarrubias, D. Trepiana and C. Corral, Synthesis of hybrid copper-chitosan nanoparticles with antibacterial activity against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans, Dent. Mater. J., 2018, 37, 379–384.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. J. M. Martinez-Andrade, M. Avalos-Borja, A. R. Vilchis-Nestor, L. O. Sanchez-Vargas and E. Castro-Longoria, Dual function of EDTA with silver nanoparticles for root canal treatment-A novel modification, PLoS One, 2018, 13, e0190866.

  34. M. Coto, G. Divitini, A. Dey, S. Krishnamurthy, N. Ullah, C. Ducati and R. V. Kumar, Tuning the properties of a black TiO 2 -Ag visible light photocatalyst produced by a rapid one-pot chemical reduction, Mater. Today Chem., 2017, 4, 142–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. A. Kishi, M. Otsuki, A. Sadr, M. Ikeda and J. Tagami, Effect of light units on tooth bleaching with visible-light activating titanium dioxide photocatalyst, Dent. Mater. J., 2011, 30, 723–729.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Y. Suyama, M. Otsuki, S. Ogisu, R. Kishikawa, J. Tagami, M. Ikeda, H. Kurata and T. Cho, Effects of light sources and visible light-activated titanium dioxide photocatalyst on bleaching, Dent. Mater. J., 2009, 28, 693–699.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. K. Sakai, J. Kato, H. Kurata, T. Nakazawa, G. Akashi, A. Kameyama and Y. Hirai, The amounts of hydroxyl radicals generated by titanium dioxide and 3.5% hydrogen peroxide under 405-nm diode laser irradiation, Laser Phys., 2007, 17, 1062–1066.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. C. Kurzmann, K. Janjić, H. Shokoohi-Tabrizi, M. Edelmayer, M. Pensch, A. Moritz and H. Agis, Evaluation of Resins for Stereolithographic 3D-Printed Surgical Guides: The Response of L929 Cells and Human Gingival Fibroblasts, BioMed Res. Int., 2017, 2017, 4057612.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. K. Janjić, C. Kurzmann, A. Moritz and H. Agis, Expression of circadian core clock genes in fibroblasts of human gingiva and periodontal ligament is modulated by L-Mimosine and hypoxia in monolayer and spheroid cultures, Arch. Oral Biol., 2017, 79, 95–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. J. CONSIDERATION, OECD GUIDELINE FOR TESTING OF CHEMICALS.

  41. D. G. Soares, A. P. D. Ribeiro, F. da Silveira Vargas, J. Hebling and C. A. de Souza Costa, Efficacy and cytotoxicity of a bleaching gel after short application times on dental enamel, Clin. Oral Investig., 2013, 17, 1901–1909.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. D. A. Tipton, S. D. Braxton and M. K. Dabbous, Role of saliva and salivary components as modulators of bleaching agent toxicity to human gingival fibroblasts in vitro, J. Periodontol., 1995, 66, 766–774.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. D. A. Tipton, S. D. Braxton and M. K. Dabbous, Effects of a bleaching agent on human gingival fibroblasts, J. Periodontol., 1995, 66, 7–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. P. Vildósola, J. Bottner, F. Avalos, I. Godoy, J. Martín and E. Fernández, Teeth bleaching with low concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (6%) and catalyzed by LED blue (450±10 nm) and laser infrared (808±10 nm) light for inoffice treatment: Randomized clinical trial 1-year follow-up, J. Esthet. Restor. Dent., 2017, 29, 339–345.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. X. He, E. Hartlieb, L. Rothmund, J. Waschke, X. Wu, K. L. Van Landuyt, S.Milz, B. Michalke, R.Hickel, F.-X. Reichl and C. Högg, Intracellular uptake and toxicity of three different Titanium particles, Dent. Mater., 2015, 31, 734–744.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. M. Składanowski, P. Golinska, K. Rudnicka, H. Dahm and M. Rai, Evaluation of cytotoxicity, immune compatibility and antibacterial activity of biogenic silver nanoparticles, Med. Microbiol. Immunol., 2016, 205, 603–613.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. B. Cvikl, S. C. Hess, R. J. Miron, H. Agis, D. Bosshardt, T. Attin, P. R. Schmidlin and A. Lussi, Response of human dental pulp cells to a silver-containing PLGA/TCP-nanofabric as a potential antibacterial regenerative pulpcapping material, BMC Oral Health, 2017, 17, 57.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Clinic of Dentistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Christoph Kurzmann, Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi, Roeland Jozef Gentil De Moor, Andreas Moritz & Hermann Agis

  2. Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria

    Christoph Kurzmann, Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi, Andreas Moritz & Hermann Agis

  3. Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Jeroen Verheyen

  4. Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

    Michael Coto, Ramachandran Vasant Kumar & Giorgio Divitini

  5. Private Practice, Gruitrode, Belgium

    Peter Verheyen

  6. Department of Oral Health Sciences, Sections Endodontics and Reconstructive Dentistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

    Roeland Jozef Gentil De Moor

  7. Ghent Dental Laser Centre, Laser Clinic, Afsnee, Belgium

    Roeland Jozef Gentil De Moor

Authors
  1. Christoph Kurzmann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jeroen Verheyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Coto
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ramachandran Vasant Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Giorgio Divitini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Peter Verheyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Roeland Jozef Gentil De Moor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Andreas Moritz
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Hermann Agis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hermann Agis.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kurzmann, C., Verheyen, J., Coto, M. et al. In vitro evaluation of experimental light activated gels for tooth bleaching. Photochem Photobiol Sci 18, 1009–1019 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00223a

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c8pp00223a

Search

Navigation