Abstract
Spectroscopic properties of amino-analogs of luciferin and oxyluciferin were investigated to confirm the color modulation mechanism of firefly (beetle) bioluminescence. Fluorescence solvatochromic character of aminooxyluciferin analogs indicates that the bioluminescence of aminoluciferin is useful for evaluating the polarity of a luciferase active site.
Notes and references
W. D. McElroy, and M. DeLuca, Chemistry of firefly luminescence, in Bioluminescence in Action, ed. P. J. Herring, Academic Press, London, 1978, pp. 109–127. Bioluminescence: Chemical Principles and Methods, ed. O. Shimomura, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2006, pp. 1–29.
H. H. Seliger, W. D. McElroy, The colors of firefly bioluminescence: enzyme configuration and species specificity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 1964, 52, 75–81.
K. V. Wood, Y. A. Lam, H. H. Seliger, W. D. McElroy, Complementary DNA coding click beetle luciferases can elicit bioluminescence of different colors, Science, 1989, 244, 700–703.
K. V. Wood, Y. A. Lam, W. D. McElroy, Introduction to beetle luciferases and their applications, J. Biolumin. Chemilumin., 1989, 4, 289–301.
V. R. Viviani, The origin, diversity, and structure function relationships of insect luciferases, Cell. Mol. Life Sci., 2002, 59, 1833–1850.
B. R. Branchini, M. H. Murtiashaw, R. A. Magrar, N. C. Portier, M. C. Ruggiero, J. G. Stroh, Yellow-green and red firefly bioluminescence from 5,5-dimethyloxyluciferin, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 2112–2113.
B. R. Branchini, T. L. Southworth, M. H. Murtiashaw, R. A. Magrar, S. A. Gonzalez, M. C. Ruggiero, J. G. Stroh, An alternative mechanism of bioluminescence color determination in firefly luciferase, Biochemistry, 2004, 43, 7255–7262.
P. Naumov, Y. Ozawa, K. Ohkubo, S. Fukuzumi, Structure and spectroscopy of oxyluciferin, the light emitter of the firefly bioluminescence, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 11590–11605.
T. Hirano, Y. Hasumi, K. Ohtsuka, S. Maki, H. Niwa, M. Yamaji, D. Hashizume, Spectroscopic studies of the light-color modulation mechanism of firefly (beetle) bioluminescence, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 2385–2396.
E. H. White, H. Wörther, H. H. Seliger, W. D. McElroy, Amino analogs of firefly luciferin and biological activity thereof, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1966, 88, 2015–2019.
R. Shinde, J. Perkins, C. H. Contag, Luciferin derivatives for enhanced in vitro and in vivo bioluminescence assays, Biochemistry, 2006, 45, 11103–11112.
C. C. Woodroofe, J. W. Shultz, M. G. Wood, J. Osterman, J. J. Cali, W. J. Daily, P. L. Meisenheimer, D. H. Klaubert, N-Alkylated 6′-aminoluciferins are bioluminescent substrates for Ultra-Glo and QuantiLum luciferase: new potential scaffolds for bioluminescent assays, Biochemistry, 2008, 47, 10383–10393.
G. R. Reddy, W. C. Thompson, S. C. Miller, Robust light emission from cyclic alkylaminoluciferin substrates for firefly luciferase, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2010, 132, 13586–13587.
H. Takakura, R. Kojima, Y. Urano, T. Terai, K. Hanaoka, T. Tsuboi, T. Nagano, Aminoluciferins as functional bioluminogenic substrates of firefly luciferase, Chem.-Asian J., 2011, 6, 1800–1810.
C. Hansch, A. Leo, R. W. Taft, A survey of Hammett substituent constants and resonance and field parameters, Chem. Rev., 1991, 91, 165–195.
Solvents and Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry, ed. C. Reichardt, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 3rd edn, 2003.
Analysis of the Stokes shifts with the Lippert-Mataga equation did not give good correlations as reported in ref. 5.
Details of DFT and TDDFT calculations are described in general methods of the ESI.
G. Orlova, J. D. Goddard, L. Y. Brovko, Theoretical study of the amazing firefly bioluminescence: the formation and structures of the light emitters, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2003, 125, 6962–6971.
Modern Molecular Photochemistry of Organic Molecules, ed. N. J. Turro, V. Ramamurthy and J. C. Scaiano, University Science Books, Sausalito, 2010, pp. 169–264.
M. DeLuca, J. Wannlund, W. D. McElroy, Factors affecting the kinetics of light emission from crude and purified firefly luciferase, Anal. Biochem., 1979, 95, 194–198.
R. A. Morton, T. A. Hopkins, H. H. Seliger, Spectroscopic properties of firefly luciferin and related compounds; an approach to product emission, Biochemistry, 1969, 8, 1598–1607.
M. DeLuca, Hydrophobic nature of the active site of firefly luciferase, Biochemistry, 1969, 8, 160–166.
V. R. Viviani, F. G. C. Arnoldi, B. Venkatesh, A. J. Silva Neto, F. G. T. Ogawa, T. L. Oehlmeyer, Y. Ohmiya, Active-site properties of Phrixothrix railroad worm green and red bioluminescence-eliciting luciferases, J. Biochem., 2006, 140, 467–474.
N. N. Ugarova, L. Y. Brovko, Protein structure and bioluminescent spectra for firefly bioluminescence, Luminescence, 2002, 17, 321–330.
H. H. Seliger, W. D. McElroy, Spectral emission and quantum yield of firefly bioluminescence, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1960, 88, 136–141.
Y. Ando, K. Niwa, N. Yamada, T. Enomoto, T. Irie, H. Kubota, Y. Ohmiya, H. Akiyama, Firefly bioluminescence quantum yield and colour change by pH-sensitive green emission, Nat. Photonics, 2008, 2, 44–47.
K. Niwa, Y. Ichino, Y. Ohmiya, Quantum yield measurements of firefly bioluminescence reactions using a commercial luminometer, Chem. Lett., 2010, 39, 291–293.
K. Niwa, Y. Ichino, S. Kumata, Y. Nakajima, Y. Hiraishi, D. Kato, V. R. Viviani, Y. Ohmiya, Quantum yields and kinetics of the firefly bioluminescence reaction of beetle luciferases, Photochem. Photobiol., 2010, 86, 1046–1049.
L. W. Chung, S. Hayashi, M. Lundberg, T. Nakatsu, H. Kato, K. Morokuma, Mechanism of efficient firefly bioluminescence via adiabatic transition state and seam of sloped conical intersection, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 12880–12881.
V. R. Viviani, Y. Ohmiya, Bovine serum albumin displays luciferase-like activity in presence of luciferyl adenylate: insights on the origin of protoluciferase activity and bioluminescence colours, Luminescence, 2006, 21, 262–267.
V. R. Viviani, R. A. Prado, F. G. C. Arnoldi, F. C. Abdalla, An ancestral luciferase in the Malpighi tubules of a non-bioluminescent beetle, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2009, 8, 57–61.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: General methods, synthesis and NMR spectra of luciferin and oxyluciferin analogs, measurements of bioluminescence activities and spectra, spectroscopic data of oxyluciferin analogs, and DFT and TDDFT calculation data. See DOI: 10.1039/c2pp25106j
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hirano, T., Nagai, H., Matsuhashi, T. et al. Spectroscopic studies of the color modulation mechanism of firefly (beetle) bioluminescence with amino-analogs of luciferin and oxyluciferin. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11, 1281–1284 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp25106j
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp25106j