Abstract
A photoactivatable caged cyanide, 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl (NPE) cyanide, was synthesized, which upon irradiation in the near UV releases cyanide. It is demonstrated that the compound can be used to induce formation of the FeIII–CN- complex in the heme protein nitrophorin 4 from Rhodnius prolixus.
Notes and references
S. R. Adams, R. Y. Tsien, Controlling cell chemistry with caged compounds, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 1993, 55, 755–784
J. H. Kaplan, Photochemical manipulation of divalent-cation levels, Annu. Rev. Physiol., 1990, 52, 897–914.
J. H. Kaplan, B. Forbush, J. F. Hoffman, Rapid photolytic release of ATP from a protected analogue: utilization by the Na?:?K pump of human red blood cell ghosts, Biochemistry, 1978, 17, 1929–1935.
J. A. MacCray, D. R. Trentham, Properties and uses of photoreactive caged compounds, Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biophys. Chem., 1989, 18, 239–270.
Caged Compounds, Methods Enzymol, ed. G. Marriott, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998, vol. 291.
A. P. Pellicciolo, J. Wirz, Photoremovable protecting groups: reaction mechanisms and applications, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2002, 1, 441–458.
G. Mayer, A. Heckel, Biologically active moleculaes with a “light switch”, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2006, 45, 4900–4921.
H.-M. Lee, D. R. Larson, D. S. Lawrence, Illuminating the chemistry of life: design, synthesis, and applications of “caged” and related photoresponsive compounds, ACS Chem. Biol., 2009, 4, 409–427.
E. M. Maes, F. A. Walker, W. R. Montfort, R. S. Czernuszewicz, Resonance Raman spectroscopic study of nitrophorin 1, a nitric oxide-binding heme protein from Rhodnius prolixus, and its nitrosyl and cyano adducts, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 11664–11672.
A. Barth, J. E. T. Corrie, Characterization of a new caged proton capable of inducing large pH jumps, Biophys. J., 2002, 83, 2864–2871
S. Abbruzzetti, S. Sottini, C. Viappiani, J. E. T. Corrie, Kinetics of proton release after flash photolysis of 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl sulfate (caged sulfate) in aqueous solution, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2005, 127, 9865–9874.
S. Abbruzzetti, S. Sottini, C. Viappinani, C. Correia, Acid-induced unfolding of myoglobin triggered by a laser pH jump method, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 621–628.
M. Schwörer, J. Wirz, Photochemical reaction mechanism of 2-nitrobenzyl compounds in solution. 1. 2-nitrotoluene: thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the aci-nitro tautomer, Helv. Chim. Acta, 2001, 84, 551–606
G. Wettermark, E. D. Black, L. Dogliotti, Reactions of photochemically formed transients from 2-nitrotoluene, Photochem. Photobiol., 1965, 4, 229–239.
J. W. Walker, G. P. Reid, J. A. McCray, D. R. Trentham, Photolabile 1-(2-nitrophenyl)ethyl phosphate esters of adenine nucleotide analogs: synthesis and mechanism of photolysis, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1988, 110, 7170–7177.
S. Abbruzzetti, S. Bruno, S. Fagiano, E. Grandi, A. Mozzarelli, C. Viappiani, Monitoring haem proteins at work with nanosecond laser flash photolysis, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 1109–1120.
M. J. Lehane, The Biology of Blood-Sucking in Insects, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (United Kingdom), 2nd edn, 2005
R. H. Nussenzveig, D. L. Bentley, J. M. C. Ribeiro, Nitric oxide loading of the salivary nitric-oxide-carrying hemoproteins (nitrophorins) in the blood-sucking bug Rhodnius prolixus, J. Exp. Biol., 1995, 198, 1093–1098.
F. A. Walker, Nitric oxide interaction with insect nitrophorins and thoughts on the electron configuration of the FeNO6 complex, J. Inorg. Biochem., 2005, 99, 216–236.
M. Knipp, C. He, H. Ogata, Nitrite disproportionation reaction: investigations on the mechanism of the conversion of nitrite into nitric oxide at the ferriheme center of nitrophorins at blood plasma pH, Nitric Oxide, 2011, 24, S33–S34.
M. Knipp, C. He, Nitrophorins: nitrite disproportionation reaction and other novel functionalities of insect heme-based nitric oxide transport proteins, IUBMB Life, 2011, 63, 304–312.
R. E. Berry, M. N. Shokhirev, A. Y. W. Ho, F. Yang, T. K. Shokhireva, H. Zhang, A. Weichsel, W. R. Montfort, F. A. Walker, Effect of mutation of carboxyl side-chain amino acids near the heme on the midpoint potentials and ligand binding constants of nitrophorin 2 and its NO, histamine, and imidazole complexes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2009, 131, 2313–2327.
J. H. Enemark, R. D. Feltham, Principles of structure, bonding, and reactivity for metal nitrosyl complexes, Coord. Chem. Rev., 1974, 13, 339–406.
S. Banala, A. Arnold, K. Johnsson, Caged substrates for protein labeling and immobilization, ChemBioChem, 2008, 9, 38–41.
A. Weichsel, J. F. Andersen, D. E. Champagne, F. A. Walker, W. R. Montfort, Crystal structures of a nitric oxide transport protein from a blood-sucking insect, Nat. Struct. Biol., 1998, 5, 304–309
C. He, H. Ogata, M. Knipp, Formation of the complex of nitrite with the ferriheme b ß-barrel proteins nitrophorin 4 and nitrophorin 7, Biochemistry, 2010, 49, 5841–5851.
C. He, S. Neya, M. Knipp, Breaking the proximal FeII–NHis bond in heme proteins through local structural tension: lessons from the heme b proteins nitrophorin 4, nitrophorin 7, and related site-directed mutant proteins, Biochemistry, 2011, 50, 8559–8575.
R. E. Berry, X. D. Ding, T. K. Shokhireva, A. Weichsel, W. R. Montfort, F. A. Walker, Axial ligand complexes of the Rhodnius nitrophorins: reduction potentials, binding constants, EPR spectra, and structures of the 4-iodopyrazole and imidazole complexes of NP4, JBIC, J. Biol. Inorg. Chem., 2004, 9, 135–144
M. Knipp, F. Yang, R. E. Berry, H. Zhang, M. N. Shokhirev, F. A. Walker, Spectroscopic and functional characterization of nitrophorin 7 from the blood-feeding insect Rhodnius prolixus reveals an important role of its isoform-specific N-terminus for proper protein function, Biochemistry, 2007, 46, 13254–13268.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Knipp, M., Taing, J.J., He, C. et al. A caged cyanide. Photochem Photobiol Sci 11, 620–622 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp05359d
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c2pp05359d