Skip to main content
Log in

Ultrafast studies of some diarylcarbenes

  • Paper
  • Published:
Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The photochemistry of 5-diazo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d]diazocycloheptene (DDBC) and 9-diazoanthrone (DAN) were studied by ultrafast time resolved techniques. The excited states of these diazo compounds were observed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and were found to decay in 300 fs. The diazo excited state decays led to the appearance and first direct observation of singlet 5-diazo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d]cycloheptenylidene (DBC) and 9-anthronylidene (AN). The dynamics of DBC and AN were studied in acetonitrile, cyclohexane and methanol. The lifetimes of 1DBC are 83 ps and 72 ps in acetonitrile and cyclohexane, respectively. The lifetime of 1DBC shortens to 9 ps in methanol due to rapid reaction with the solvent. The lifetime of 1AN is 87 ps and 66 ps in acetonitrile and cyclohexane, respectively. In methanol, the lifetime of 1AN cannot be determined due to spectral overlap of 1AN and cation ANH+. The decays of 1DBC and 1AN are controlled by intersystem crossing (ISC) in acetonitrile and cyclohexane and the rates of ISC of 1DBC or 1AN are similar in these two solvents. This differs from the solvent dependence of other diarylcarbene intersystem crossing rates. This is attributed to the relatively large singlet-triplet (S-T) gaps of these carbenes and this factor dominates the influence of solvent.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. W. Kirmse, Carbene Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, N.Y., 1971.

  2. J. C. Scaiano, Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis: A Tool for Physical Organic Chemistry, in Reactive Intermediate Chemistry, ed. R. A. Moss, M. S. Platz and M. Jones, Jr., Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N.J., 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  3. J. E. Jackson and M. S. Platz, Laser Flash Photolysis Studies of Ylide-Forming Reactions of Carbenes, in Advances in Carbene Chemistry, ed. U. H. Brinker, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  4. K. B. Eisenthal, N. J. Turro, M. Aikawa, J. A. Butcher, Jr., C. DuPuy, G. Hefferon, W. Hetherington, G. M. Korenowski and M. J. McAuliffe, Dynamics and energetics of the singlet-triplet interconversion of diphenylcarbene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1980, 102, 6563–6565.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. C. Dupuy, G. M. Korenowski, M. McAuliffe, W. M. Hetherington, III and K. B. Eisenthal, Photodissociation of diphenyldiazomethane and energy relaxation in the diphenylcarbene fragment, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1981, 77, 272–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Y. Wang, E. V. Sitzmann, F. Novak, C. Dupuy and K. B. Eisenthal, Reactions of excited triplet diphenylcarbene studied with picosecond lasers, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 3238–3239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. E. V. Sitzmann, J. Langan and K. B. Eisenthal, Intermolecular effects on intersystem crossing studied on the picosecond timescale: the solvent polarity effect on the rate of singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing of diphenylcarbene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1984, 106, 1868–1869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. E. V. Sitzmann, J. G. Langan and K. B. Eisenthal, Picosecond laser studies of the effects of reactants on intramolecular energy relaxation of diphenylcarbene: reaction of diphenylcarbene with alcohols, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1984, 112, 111–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. P. B. Grasse, B. E. Brauer, J. J. Zupancic, K. J. Kaufmann and G. B. Schuster, Chemical and physical properties of fluorenylidene: equilibration of the singlet and triplet carbenes, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1983, 105, 6833–6845.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. J. Peon, D. Polshakov and B. Kohler, Solvent Reorganization Controls the Rate of Proton Transfer from Neat Alcohol Solvents to Singlet Diphenylcarbene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 6428–6438.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. J. Wang, G. Burdzinski, T. L. Gustafson and M. S. Platz, Ultrafast Study of p-Biphenylyldiazoethane. The Chemistry of the Diazo Excited State and the Relaxed Carbene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 2597–2606.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. J. Wang, J. Kubicki, E. F. Hilinski, S. L. Mecklenburg, T. L. Gustafson and M. S. Platz, Ultrafast Study of 9-Diazofluorene: Direct Observation of the First Two Singlet States of Fluorenylidene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 13683–13690.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Wang, G. Burdzinski, T. L. Gustafson and M. S. Platz, Ultrafast Study of p-Biphenylyldiazomethane and p-Biphenylylcarbene, J. Org. Chem., 2006, 71, 6221–6228.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. L. M. Hadel, M. S. Platz, B. B. Wright and J. C. Scaiano, A laser flash photolysis study of dibenzocycloheptadienylidene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1984, 105, 539–543.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. K. W. Field and G. B. Schuster, Chemical and physical properties of anthronylidene, J. Org. Chem., 1988, 53, 4000–4006.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. J. Wang, J. Kubicki, T. L. Gustafson and M. S. Platz, Ultrafast Study of p-Biphenylyltrifluoromethylcarbene: The Dynamics of Carbene Solvation, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2008, 130, 2304–2313.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. I. Moritani, S. Murahashi, H. Ashitaka, K. Kimura and H. Tsubomura, Flash photolysis of 5-diazo-10,11-dihydrodibenzo [a,d] cycloheptadi-ene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1968, 90, 5918–5919.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. G. Burdzinski, J. C. Hackett, J. Wang, T. L. Gustafson, C. M. Hadad and M. S. Platz, Quantum Chemical Calculations, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128, 13402–13411.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. J. G. Langan, E. V. Sitzmann and K. B. Eisenthal, Picosecond laser studies on the effect of structure and environment on intersystem crossing in aromatic carbenes, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1984, 110, 521–527.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. H. L. Woodcock, D. Moran, B. R. Brooks, P. v. R. Schleyer and H. F. Schaefer, III, Carbene Stabilization by Aryl Substituents. Is Bigger Better?, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, 129, 3763–3770.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. K. B. Eisenthal, R. A. Moss and N. J. Turro, Divalent carbon intermediates: laser photolysis and spectroscopy, Science, 1984, 225, 1439–1445.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. R. A. Moss, Singlet carbenes, in Reactive Intermediate Chemistry, ed. R. A. Moss, M. S. Platz and M. Jones, Jr., Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, N.J., 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  23. C. M. Geise, Y. Wang, O. Mykhaylova, B. T. Frink, J. P. Toscano and C. M. Hadad, Computational and Experimental Studies of the Effect of Substituents on the Singlet-Triplet Energy Gap in Phenyl(carbomethoxy)carbene, J. Org. Chem., 2002, 67, 3079–3088.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Y. Wang, C. M. Hadad and J. P. Toscano, Solvent Dependence of the 2-Naphthyl(carbomethoxy)carbene Singlet-Triplet Energy Gap, J. A m. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 1761–1767.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. J. G. Langan, E. V. Sitzmann and K. B. Eisenthal, Inverse deuterium isotope effect in the intersystem crossing of diphenylcarbene, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1986, 124, 59–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. G. W. Robinson and R. P. Frosch, Theory of electronic energy relaxation in the solid phase, J. Chem. Phys., 1962, 37, 1962–1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. G. W. Robinson and R. P. Frosch, Electronic excitation transfer and relaxation, J. Chem. P hys., 1963, 38, 1187–1203.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. J. Jortner, S. A. Rice and R. M. Hochstrasser, Radiationless transitions in photochemistry, Adv. Photochem., 1969, 7, 149–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. J. Wang, J. Kubicki, H. Peng and M. S. Platz, The Influence of Solvent on Carbene Intersystem Crossing Rates, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2007, ja-2007-11385t.

    Google Scholar 

  30. S. Miertus, E. Scrocco and J. Tomasi, Electrostatic interaction of a solute with a continuum. A direct utilization of ab initio molecular potentials for the prevision of solvent effects, Chem. Phys., 1981, 55, 117–129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. B. Mennucci and J. Tomasi, Continuum solvation models: A new approach to the problem of solute’s charge distribution and cavity boundaries, J. Chem. P hys., 1997, 106, 5151–5158.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. W. Kirmse, J. Kilian and S. Steenken, Carbenes and the oxygen-hydrogen bond: spectroscopic evidence for protonation of diarylcar-benes to give diarylcarbenium ions, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1990, 112, 6399–6400.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. J. E. Chateauneuf, Picosecond spectroscopic investigations of diphenyl-carbene protonation, Research on Chemical Intermediates, 1994, 20, 249–263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. E. J. Dix and J. L. Goodman, Protonation of Diarylcarbenes by Alcohols: The Importance of Ion Pair Dynamics, J. Phys. Chem., 1994, 98, 12609–12612.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. F. Laermer, T. Elsaesser and W. Kaiser, Ultrashort vibronic and thermal relaxation of dye molecules after femtosecond ultraviolet excitation, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1989, 156, 381–386.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. H. Miyasaka, M. Hagihara, T. Okada and N. Mataga, Femtosecond laser photolysis studies on the cooling process of chrysene in the vibrationally hot S1 state in solution, Chem. Phys. Lett., 1992, 188, 259–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. D. Schwarzer, J. Troe, M. Votsmeier and M. Zerezke, Collisional deactivation of vibrationally highly excited azulene in compressed liquids and supercritical fluids, J. Chem. Phys., 1996, 105, 3121–3131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. T. Elsaesser and W. Kaiser, Vibrational and vibronic relaxation of large polyatomic molecules in liquids, Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 1991, 42, 83–107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. A. P. Scott, R. H. Nobes, H. F. Schaefer, III and L. Radom, The Wolff Rearrangement: The Relevant Portion of the Oxirene-Ketene Potential Energy Hypersurface, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 10159–10164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. M. J. Frisch, Gaussian 03, Gaussian, Inc., Wallingford CT, 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  41. B. E. Brauer, P. B. Grasse, K. J. Kaufmann and G. B. Schuster, Irradiation of diazofluorene on a picosecond time scale and at very low temperature: a reassignment of transient structures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 6814–6816.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. D. Griller, C. R. Montgomery, J. C. Scaiano, M. S. Platz and L. Hadel, A critical examination of transient assignments in the laser flash photolysis of 9-diazofluorene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1982, 104, 6813–6814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. M. Jones, Jr. and K. R. Rettig, Addition of fluorenylidene to olefins in the presence of hexafluorobenzene, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1965, 87, 4013–4015.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Matthew S. Platz.

Additional information

This paper was published as part of the themed issue in honour of Jakob Wirz.

Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Fig. S1–S8 and Tables S1–S5.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Kubicki, J. et al. Ultrafast studies of some diarylcarbenes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 7, 552–557 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/b800041g

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b800041g

Navigation