Abstract
We report on the molecular wiring efficiency of a ruthenium polypyridine complex acting as a sensitizer connected to a poly(3-hexyl)thiophene chain acting as hole transporting material. We have developed an efficient synthetic strategy to covalently connect via an ethanyl spacer a regioregular poly(3-hexyl)thiophene chain to a ruthenium complex. Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells were prepared either with the latter system or with a similar ruthenium sensitizer but lacking the polymer chain (reference system). The comparison of the photocurrent—photovoltage characteristics of the cells recorded under AM1.5 indicates a two fold improvement of the overall photoconversion efficiencies when the sensitizer is grafted to the hole transporting material (η = 0.27%) relative to the reference system (η = 0.13%). The higher photovoltaic performance can be attributed to the better diffusion-like propagation of the holes from the sensitizer to the counter electrode through the covalently linked polythiophene chain.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A. F. Nogueira, C. Longo and M. A. De Paoli, Polymers in dye sensitized solar cells: overview and perspectives, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2004, 248, 1455–1468.
B. Li, L. Wang, B. Kang, P. Wang and Y. Qiu, Review of recent progress in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2006, 90, 549–573.
W. Kubo, S. Kambe, S. Nakade, T. Kitamura, K. Hanabusa, Y. Wada and S. Yanagida, Photocurrent-Determining Processes in Quasi-Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Using Ionic Gel Electrolytes, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2003, 107, 4374–4381.
A. F. Nogueira, J. R. Durrant and M. A. De, Paoli, Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Employing a Polymer Electrolyte, Adv. Mater., 2001, 13, 826–830.
M.-S. Kang, J. H. Kim, Y. J. Kim, J. Won, N.-G. Park and Y. S. Kang, Dye-sensitized solar cells based on composite solid polymer electrolytes, Chem. Commun., 2005, 889–891.
T. Stergiopoulos, I. M. Arabatzis, G. Katsaros and P. Falaras, Binary Polyethylene Oxide/Titania Solid-State Redox Electrolyte for Highly Efficient Nanocrystalline TiO2 Photoelectrochemical Cells, Nano Lett., 2002, 2, 1259–1261.
B. O’Regan and D. T. Schwartz, Large Enhancement in Photocurrent Efficiency Caused by UV Illumination of the Dye-Sensitized Heterojunction TiO2/RuLL’NCS/CuSCN: Initiation and Potential Mechanisms, Chem. Mater., 1998, 6, 1501–1509.
B. O’Regan, F. Lenzmann, R. Muis and J. Wienke, A Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Fabricated with Pressure-Treated P25-TiO2 and CuSCN: Analysis of Pore Filling and IV Characteristics, Chem. Mater., 2002, 14, 5023–5029.
Q.-B. Meng, K. Takahashi, X.-T. Zhang, I. Sutanto, T. N. Rao, O. Sato, A. Fujishima, H. Watanabe, T. Nakamori and M. Uragami, Fabrication of an Efficient Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell, Langmuir, 2003, 19, 3572–3574.
G. R. R. Kumara, A. Konno, R. Senadeera, D. B. R. A. Jayaweera, K. De Silva and K. Tennakone, Dye-sensitized solar cell with the hole collector p-CuSCN deposited from a solution in n-propyl sulfide, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2001, 69, 195–199.
U. Bach, D. Lupo, P. Comte, J. E. Moser, F. Weissörtel, J. Salbeck, H. Spreitzer, M. Grätzel, Solid-state dye sensitized nanoporous solar cells with high photon-to-electron conversion efficiencies, Nature, 1998, 395, 583–585.
N. Ikeda and T. Miyasaka, A solid-state dye-sensitized photovoltaic cell with a poly(N-vinylcarbazole) hole transporter mediated by an alkali iodide, Chem. Commun., 2005, 1886–1888.
K. R. Haridas, J. Ostrauskaite, M. Thelakkat, M. Heim, R. Bilke and D. Haarer, Synthesis of low melting hole conductor systems based on triarylamines and application in dye sensitized solar cells, Synth. Met., 2001, 121, 1573–1574.
S. Tan, J. Zhai, M. Wan, Q. B. Meng, F. Y. Li, L. Jiang and D. Zhu, Influence of Small Molecules in Conducting Polyaniline on the Photovoltaic Properties of Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2004, 108, 18693–18697.
S. Spiekermann, G. Smestad, J. Kowalik, L. M. Tolbert, M. Grätzel, Poly(4-undecyl-2,2’-bithiophene) as a hole conductor in solid state dye sensitized titanium dioxide solar cells, Synth. Met., 2001, 121, 1603–1604.
U. Bach, Y. Tachibana, J. E. Moser, S. A. Haque, J. R. Durrant, M. Grätzel and D. A. Klug, Charge Separation in Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Heterojunction Solar Cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1999, 121, 7445–7446.
L. Schmidt-Mende, M. Grätzel, TiO2 pore-filling and its effect on the efficiency of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells, Thin Solid Films, 2006, 500, 296–301.
D. Gebeyehu, C. J. Brabec and N. S. Sariciftci, Solid-state organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells based on conjugated polymers and dye-sensitized TiO2 electrodes, Thin Solid Films, 2002, 403–404, 271–274.
H.-S. Kim and C. C. Wamser, Photoelectropolymerization of aniline in a dye-sensitized solar cell, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2006, 5, 955–960.
G. K. R. Senadeera, T. Kitamura, Y. Wadab and S. Yanagida, Deposition of polyaniline via molecular self-assembly on TiO2 and its uses as a sensitiser in solid-state solar cells, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2004, 164, 61–66.
G. P. Smestad, S. Spiekermann, J. Kowalik, C. D. Grant, A. M. Schwartzberg, J. Z. Zhang, L. M. Tolbert and E. Moons, A technique to compare polythiophene solid-state dye sensitized TiO2 solar cells to liquid junction devices, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2003, 76, 85–105.
Y. Saito, T. Azechi, T. Kitamura, H. Y. Y. Wada and S. Yanagida, Photo-sensitizing ruthenium complexes for solid state dye solar cells in combination with conducting polymers as hole conductors, Coord. Chem. Rev., 2004, 28, 1469–1478.
Y. Saito, N. Fukuri, R. Senadeera, T. Kitamura, Y. Wada and S. Yanagida, Solid state dye sensitized solar cells using in situ polymerized PEDOTs as hole conductor, Electrochem. Commun., 2004, 6, 71–74.
Y. Saito, T. Kitamura, Y. Wada and S. Yanagida, Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) as a hole conductor in solid state dye sensitized solar cells, Synth. Met., 2002, 131, 185–187.
K. Peter and M. Thelakkat, Synthesis and Characterization of Bifunctional Polymers Carrying Tris(bipyridyl)ruthenium(ii) and Triphenylamine Units, Macromolecules, 2003, 36, 1779–1785.
K. Peter, H. Wietasch, B. Peng and M. Thelakkat, Dual-functional materials for interface modifications in solid-state dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells, Appl. Phys. A, 2004, 79, 65–71.
S. A. Haque, S. Handa, K. Peter, E. Palomares, M. Thelakkat and J. R. Durrant, Supermolecular Control of Charge Transfer in Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline TiO2 Films: Towards a Quantitative Structure-Function Relationship, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed., 2005, 44, 5740–5744.
F. C. Krebs and M. Biancardo, Dye sensitized photovoltaic cells: Attaching conjugated polymers to zwitterionic ruthenium dyes, Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 2006, 90, 142–165.
P. Buvat, F. Odobel, C. Houarner and E. Blart, Pat. WO2007071792, 2007, 88 pp
C. Houarner-Rassin, E. Blart, P. Buvat and F. Odobel, Improved efficiency of a thiophene linked ruthenium polypyridine complex for dry dye-sensitized solar cells, J. Photochem. Photobiol., A, 2007, 186, 135–142.
F. Odobel and H. Zabri, Preparations and Characterizations of Bichromophoric Systems Composed of a Ruthenium Polypyridine Complex Connected to a Difluoroborazaindacene or a Zinc Phthalocyanine Chromophore, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 5600–5611.
C. Houarner, E. Blart, P. Buvat and F. Odobel, Ruthenium bis-terpyridine complexes connected to an oligothiophene unit for dry dye-sensitised solar cells, Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2005, 4, 200–204.
J. Liu and R. D. McCullough, End Group Modification of Regioregular Polythiophene through Postpolymerization Functionalization, Macromolecules, 2002, 35, 9882–9889.
M. Jeffries-EL, G. Sauvé and R. D. McCullough, In situ end-group functionalization of regioregular poly(3-alkylthiophene) using the Grignard methathesis polymerization method, Adv. Mater., 2004, 16, 1017–1019.
J. Liu, T. Tanaka, K. Sivula, A. P. Alivisatos and J. M. J. Frechet, Employing End-Functional Polythiophene To Control the Morphology of Nanocrystal-Polymer Composites in Hybrid Solar Cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 6550–6551.
G. Tourillon and F. Garnier, New electrochemically generated organic, J. Electroanal. Chem., 1982, 135, 173–178.
F. Guttmann and L. E. Lyons, Organic Semiconductors, J. Wiley and Sons, New York, 1967
D. J. Hurley and Y. Tor, Ru(ii) and Os(ii) Nucleosides and Oligonucleotides: Synthesis and Properties, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2002, 124, 3749–3762.
A. Barbieri, B. Ventura, L. Flamigni, F. Barigelletti, G. Fuhrmann, P. Bauerle, S. Goeb and R. Ziessel, Binuclear Wirelike Dimers Based on Ruthenium(ii)-Bipyridine Units Linked by Ethynylene-Oligothiophene-Ethynylene Bridges, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44, 8033–8043.
M. C. Fuertes, G. J. A. A. Soler-Illia, Processing of Macroporous Titania Thin Films: From Multiscale Functional Porosity to Nanocrystalline Macroporous TiO2, Chem. Mater., 2006, 18, 2109–2117.
H.-s. Yun, K.-c. Miyazawa, H. Zhou, I. Honma and M. Kuwabara, Synthesis of Mesoporous Thin TiO2 Films with Hexagonal Pore Structures Using Triblock Copolymer Templates, Adv. Mater., 2001, 13, 1377–1380.
A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Light-Induced Redox Reactions in Nanocrystalline Systems, Chem. Rev., 1995, 95, 49–68.
K. Matsumoto, M. Fujitsuka, T. Sato, S. Onodera and O. Ito, Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Oligothiophenes/Polythiophene to Fullerenes (C60/C70) in Solution: Comprehensive Study by Nanosecond Laser Flash Photolysis Method, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2000, 104, 11632–11638.
A. Hagfeldt, M. Grätzel, Molecular Photovoltaics, Acc. Chem. Res., 2000, 33, 269–277.
G. Oskam, B. V. Bergeron, G. J. Meyer and P. C. Searson, Pseudohalogens for Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Photoelectrochemical Cells, J. Phys. Chem. B, 2001, 105, 6867–6873.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Houarner-Rassin, C., Blart, E., Buvat, P. et al. Solid-state dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells based on a sensitizer covalently wired to a hole conducting polymer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 7, 789–793 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/b715013j
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/b715013j