Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Added thermogenic and satiety effects of a mixed nutrient vs a sugar-only beverage

  • Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Obesity Submit manuscript

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a sugar-only (SO) beverage vs one containing a mixed-nutrient (MN) composition on energy expenditure and feelings of hunger and satiety.

HYPOTHESIS: A beverage containing a mixed macronutrient composition will lead to greater thermic effect of food and feelings of fullness than an isocaloric beverage containing only sugar.

RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Adults were randomly assigned to receive a 2510 kJ (600 kcal) SO liquid formula followed by an isovolumic, isoenergetic, MN liquid formula with an energy distribution of 17% protein, 67% carbohydrates as sucrose and corn syrup solids, and 16% fat, or vice versa, in a crossover design. The carbohydrate source in the two beverages was identical: 1:1 ratio of sucrose and corn syrup solids (25 dextrose equivalents). The thermic response was calculated as the 7 h deviation from resting metabolic rate (RMR). Subjects provided hunger/satiety ratings and other related information by visual analog scales at regular intervals throughout the study period.

RESULTS: In all, 20 subjects completed the protocol; one was removed from the thermic effect analysis due to discrepant RMRs. Following beverage ingestion, SO and MN liquid meals produced 7 h thermic effects of (X±s.e.m.) 274.1±27.6 kJ (65.5±6.6 kcal) and 372.0±33.9 kJ (88.9±8.1 kcal), respectively, resulting in a significant (P<0.01) difference between meals (Δ=97.9±35.1 kJ [23.4±8.4 kcal]). Analysis of satiety ratings using area under the curve analysis showed greater feelings of satiety (P<0.05) with MN compared to SO consumption. Also, subjects felt that they could eat less (P<0.05) after consumption of the MN vs SO beverage.

DISCUSSION: In comparison to MN beverages, SO beverages are associated with a relatively high-energy retention without accompanying subjective hunger/fullness compensations, suggesting a basis for their role in long-term unintentional weight gain in healthy adults.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Figure 1
Figure 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Nielsen SJ, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM . Trends in energy intake in US between 1977 and 1996: similar shifts seen across age groups. Obes Res 2002; 10: 370–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Ludwig DS, Peterson KE, Gortmaker SL . Relation between consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks and childhood obesity: a prospective, observational analysis. Lancet 2001; 357: 505–508.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD . Liquid versus solid carbohydrate: effects on food intake and body weight. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000; 24: 794–800.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Dubois EF . Carbohydrate, fat and protein. In: Dubois EF (ed) Basal metabolism in health and disease. Lea & Febiger: Philadelphia; 1936. pp 14–50.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Bellisle F, Rolland-Cachera MF . How sugar-containing drinks might increase adiposity in children [commentary]. Lancet 2001; 357: 490–491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Birch LL, McPhee L, Sullivan S . Children's food intake following drinks sweetened with sucrose or aspartame: time course effects. Physiol Behav 1989; 45: 387–395.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Belko AZ, Barbieri TF, Wong EC . Effect of energy and protein intake and exercise intensity on the thermic effect of food. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 43: 863–869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Eisenstein J, Roberts SB, Dallal G, Saltzman E . High-protein weight-loss diets: are they safe and do they work? A review of the experimental and epidemiologic data. Nutr Rev 2002; 60: 189–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Weir JB . New methods for calculating metabolic rate with special reference to protein metabolism. Nutrition 1990; 6: 213–221.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Kissileff HR, Wentzlaff TH, Guss JL, Walsh BT, Devlin MJ, Thornton JC . A direct measure of satiety disturbance in patients with bulimia nervosa. Physiol Behav 1996; 60: 1077–1085.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Johnston CS, Day CS, Swan PD . Postprandial thermogenesis is increased 100% on a high-protein, low-fat diet versus a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet in healthy, young women. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21: 55–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Luscombe ND, Clifton PM, Noakes M, Parker B, Wittert G . Effects of energy-restricted diets containing increased protein on weight loss, resting energy expenditure, and the thermic effect of feeding in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 652–657.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Mikkelsen PB, Toubro S, Astrup A . Effect of fat-reduced diets on 24-h energy expenditure: comparisons between animal protein, vegetable protein, and carbohydrate. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 1135–1141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Pietrobelli A, Allison DB, Heshka S, Heo M, Wang ZM, Bertkau A, Laferrere B, Rosenbaum M, Aloia JF, Pi-Sunyer FX, Heymsfield SB . Sexual dimorphism in the energy content of weight change. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002; 26: 1339–1348.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schutz Y, Bray G, Margen S . Postprandial thermogenesis at rest and during exercise in elderly men ingesting two levels of protein. J Am Coll Nutr 1987; 6: 497–506.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Latner JD, Schwartz M . The effects of a high-carbohydrate, high-protein or balanced lunch upon later food intake and hunger ratings. Appetite 1999; 33: 119–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. St Jeor ST, Howard BV, Prewitt TE, Bovee V, Bazzarre T, Eckel RH . Dietary protein and weight reduction: a statement for healthcare professionals from the nutrition committee of the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism of the American Heart Association. Circulation 2001; 104: 1869–1874.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. De Graaf C, Hulshof T, Weststrate JA, Jas P . Short-term effects of different amounts of protein, fats, and carbohydrates on satiety. Am J Clin Nutr 1992; 55: 33–38.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Holt SHA, Sandona N, Brand-Miller JC . The effects of sugar-free vs sugar-rich beverages on feelings of fullness and subsequent food intake. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2000; 51: 59–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Raben A, Vasilaras TH, Moller AC, Astrup A . Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake and body weight after 10 wk supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 721–729.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Supported by NIH grant # DK PO1-42618, a grant-in-aid from Mead Johnson Nutritional Division, and fellowship funding for M-P St-O by Bristol Myers Squibb–Mead Johnson.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Obesity Research Center, St Luke's Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA

    M-P St-Onge, F Rubiano, W F DeNino, A Jones Jr, D Greenfield & S B Heymsfield

  2. Division of Adult Nutrition, Mead Johnson Nutritionals, Evansville, IN, USA

    P W Ferguson & S Akrabawi

Authors
  1. M-P St-Onge
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. F Rubiano
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. W F DeNino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A Jones Jr
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. D Greenfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. P W Ferguson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. S Akrabawi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. S B Heymsfield
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S B Heymsfield.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

St-Onge, MP., Rubiano, F., DeNino, W. et al. Added thermogenic and satiety effects of a mixed nutrient vs a sugar-only beverage. Int J Obes 28, 248–253 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802560

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802560

  • Springer Nature Limited

Keywords

This article is cited by

Search

Navigation