Fig. 4: Characterizing the specificity of the cross-disorder neural factors at the levels of brain regions and extended networks.

a, Specificity score comparison of the three cross-disorder networks using regional-level node degree as an example. We first normalized the node degree to facilitate subsequent cross-factor comparisons. Then, we used a weighted method for calculating the regional specificity score with the following formula: specificity score of factor 1 = factor 1/factor 2 + factor 1/factor 3. By weighting the contribution of the brain region in the other two cross-disorder factors (factor 2 and factor 3), the estimated specificity score provides a more robust measure of the unique contribution of each brain region within this cross-disorder factor (factor 1). Building upon previous findings¹⁶, we hypothesize that as the brain scale increases from region to network, the specificity between cross-disorder factors will decrease. b, Specificity scores were first computed for each of the 268 brain regions across the three cross-disorder factors (general/NP, externalizing, internalizing). For each region, the factor with the highest specificity score was considered to represent its dominant cross-disorder specificity. Regions are ranked by specificity score, and the top regions for each factor are visualized on the cortical surface. c, The same procedure was then applied at the network level (55 brain networks). Specificity scores were estimated for each network across the three cross-disorder factors. For each network, the highest specificity score was used to indicate its dominant factor-level specificity. Networks are ranked accordingly, and the top networks for each factor are highlighted. Abbreviations: GEN., general; Ex.,externalizing; In., internalizing; Speci., specificity.

Source data