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Table 1 Treatment effects of nitrogen (N), aboveground herbivory (A) and belowground herbivory (B) on shoot biomass (aboveground biomass), decomposition rate of red tea, nitrate (NO3) production, and litter of D. glomerata, P. lanceolata, and T. pratense.

From: Below-ground herbivory mitigates biomass loss from above-ground herbivory of nitrogen fertilized plants

Treatment

a) Shoot biomass

b) Red tea

c) NO3

d) D. glomerata

e) P. lanceolata

f) T. pratense

F

p

F

p

F

p

F

p

F

p

F

p

Year

344.4

< 0.0001

A

6.9

0.01

0.02

0.9

1.4

0.2

0.2

0.7

3.4

0.07

1.2

0.3

B

0.01

0.9

4.4

0.04

1.5

0.2

0.2

0.6

1.7

0.2

0.4

0.5

N

33.3

< 0.0001

0.2

0.6

3.6

0.1

0.2

0.6

1.3

0.3

2.9

0.1

A × B

2.5

0.1

0.01

0.9

0.005

0.9

1.1

0.3

0.1

0.8

2.1

0.2

N × A

0.6

0.4

1.6

0.2

5.3

0.03

0.6

0.5

0.0

1.0

7.5

0.01

N × B

3.2

0.1

0.1

0.7

0.4

0.5

0.5

0.5

0.2

0.6

0.9

0.3

N × A × B

12.0

0.001

5.4

0.02

3.9

0.05

7.3

0.01

2.5

0.1

3.1

0.1

  1. Bold type denotes statistical significance at p < 0.05.