References
Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. FY 2020 IPPS Final Rule, CMS-1716-F (2019); https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS/FY2020-IPPS-Final-Rule-Home-Page-Items/FY2020-IPPS-Final-Rule-Regulations.html?DLPage=1&DLEntries=10&DLSort=0&DLSortDir=ascending
Verma, S. Aligning payment and prevention to drive antibiotic innovation for Medicare beneficiaries. Health Aff. (Millwood) https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20190802.505113/full/ (2019).
Outterson, K. Innovative ways to pay for new antibiotics will help fight superbugs. STAT https://www.statnews.com/2018/04/11/innovation-new-antibiotics-fight-superbugs/ (2018).
Wennberg, J. E., McPherson, K. & Caper, P. N. Engl. J. Med. 311, 295–300 (1984).
Morrisey, M. A., Sloan, F. A. & Valvona, J. Health Aff. (Millwood) 7, 52–64 (1988).
Liu, Z., Dow, W. H. & Norton, E. C. J. Health Econ. 23, 129–155 (2004).
Chhabra, K. R., Ibrahim, A. M., Thumma, J. R., Ryan, A. M. & Dimick, J. B. Health Aff. (Millwood) 38, 1207–1215 (2019).
Clyde, A. T., Bockstedt, L., Farkas, J. A. & Jackson, C. Health Aff. (Millwood) 27, 1632–1641 (2008).
Rex, J. H. et al. Clin. Infect. Dis. 65, 141–146 (2017).
Powers, J. H., Evans, S. R. & Kesselheim, A. S. Br. Med. J. 360, k587 (2018).
Social Security Act §1886(a)(4) (1989).
DISARM Act (2019).
Ardal, C.O. et al. Revitalizing the antibiotic pipeline: stimulating innovation while driving sustainable use and global access. DRIVE-AB Final Report (European Commission, Innovative Medicines Initiative, 2018).
Outterson, K. et al. PLoS Med. 13, e1002043 (2016).
Outterson, K., Powers, J. H., Daniel, G. W. & McClellan, M. B. Health Aff. (Millwood) 34, 277–285 (2015).
Outterson, K. Cardozo Law Rev. 31, 613 (2010).
Kesselheim, A. S. & Outterson, K. Yale J. Health Policy Law Ethics 11, 101–167 (2011).
O’Neill, J. Tackling drug-resistant infections globally: final report and recommendations (Review on Antimicrobial Resistance, London, 2016).
Clift, C. et al. Towards a new global business model for antibiotics: report from the Chatham House Working Group on New Antibiotic Business Models (London, 2015).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
K.O. is the executive director of CARB-X, funded by three governments (US, UK and Germany) and two foundations (Wellcome Trust and Gates). CARB-X is a non-profit accelerator of preclinical and phase 1 antibacterial research that awards grants worldwide.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Outterson, K. A shot in the arm for new antibiotics. Nat Biotechnol 37, 1110–1112 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0279-8
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-019-0279-8
- Springer Nature America, Inc.
This article is cited by
-
The anticancer and antibacterial potential of bioactive secondary metabolites derived From bacterial endophytes in association with Artemisia absinthium
Scientific Reports (2023)
-
Perspectives on the Ethics of Antibiotic Overuse and on the Implementation of (New) Antibiotics
Infectious Diseases and Therapy (2022)
-
Market concentration of new antibiotic sales
The Journal of Antibiotics (2021)
-
Towards the sustainable discovery and development of new antibiotics
Nature Reviews Chemistry (2021)