Despite the maturity of the field of B cell biology, or possibly because of it, discoveries continue to be made that provide fundamental insights into cell biology and into the immune system itself. Here, I describe some of my personal highlights of the past year, encompassing B cell behaviour in response to antigen and in germinal centres, as well as the behaviour of plasma cells.
Key advances
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Metabolism is part of an integrated system to ensure that B cells receive all appropriate signals before activation is launched.
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Mitochondria function as a ‘time bomb’ in B cells, being triggered by antigen engagement of the B cell receptor but defused by the receipt of a second signal.
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Quantification of the immune response, in terms of inputs and outputs and with time as a variable, will reveal the ‘rules’ that regulate immunity.
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Cell frequency, antigen affinity and antigen avidity are variables that can be manipulated to target specific immune outcomes.
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Plasma cell heterogeneity extends beyond immunoglobulin isotype and into cytokine secretion.
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Plasma cells may modify their environment by secreting other regulatory molecules.
References
Akkya, M. et al. Second signals rescue B cells from activation-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and death. Nat. Immunol. 19, 871–884 (2018).
Turner, J. S. et al. Transiently antigen-primed B cells return to naive-like state in absence of T cell help. Nat. Comm. 8, 15072 (2017).
Abbott, R. K. et al. Precursor frequency and affinity determine B cell competitive fitness in germinal centers, tested with germline-targeting HIV vaccine immunogens. Immunity 48, 133–146 (2018).
Tas, J. M. et al. Visualizing antibody affinity maturation in germinal centers. Science 351, 1048–1054 (2016).
Lino, A. C. et al. LAG-3 inhibitory receptor expression identifies immunosuppressive natural regulatory plasma cells. Immunity 49, 120–133 (2018).
Matsumoto, M. et al. Interleukin-10-producing plasmablasts exert a regulatory function in autoimmune inflammation. Immunity 41, 1040–1051 (2014).
Mauri, C. & Menon, M. Human regulatory B cells in health and disease: therapeutic potential. J. Clin. Invest. 127, 772–779 (2017).
Acknowledgements
D.T. is supported by a Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia).
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Tarlinton, D. B cells still front and centre in immunology. Nat Rev Immunol 19, 85–86 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-018-0107-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-018-0107-2
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