The granulin/epithelin protein motif has an unusual structure consisting of a parallel stack of β-hairpins stapled together by six disulphide bonds. The new structure also contains a folding subdomain shared by small toxins, protease inhibitors as well as the EGF-like protein modules.
References
Belcourt, D. & Bennett, H.P.J. J. Cell Biol. 107, 629 (1988).
Bateman, A., Belcourt, D., Bennett, H., Lazure, C. & Solomon, S. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 173, 1161–1168 (1990).
Shoyab, M., McDonald, V.L., Byles, C., Todaro, G.J. & Plowman, G.D. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 7912–7916 (1990).
Plowman, G.D. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 13073–13078 (1992).
Bhandari, V., Palfree, R.G.E. & Bateman, A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 1715–1719 (1992).
Baba, T. et al. Mol. Reprod. Develop. 34, 233–243 (1993).
Nakakura, N., Hietter, H., Van Dorsselaer, A. & Luu, B. Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 147–153 (1992).
Couto, M.A., Harwig, S.S.L. Cullor, J.S., Hughes, J.P. & Lehrer, R.I. Infect. Immun. 60, 3065–3071 (1992).
Belcourt, D.R., Lazure, C. & Bennett, H.P.J. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 9230–9237 (1993).
Belcourt, D.R., Okawara, Y., Fryer, J.N. & Bennett, H.P.J. J. Leukocyte Biol. 57, 94–99 (1995).
Zhou, J., Gao, G., Crabb, J.W. & Serrero, G. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10863–10869 (1993).
Baba, T., Nemoto, H., Watanabe, K., Arai, Y. & Gerton, G.L. FEBS Lett. 322, 89–94 (1993).
Parnell, P.G., Wunderlich, J., Carter, B. & Halper, J. Growth Factors 7, 65–72 (1992).
Schaffer, M.A. & Fischer, R.L. Plant Physiol. 87, 431–436 (1988).
Watanabe, H., Abe, K., Emori, Y., Hosoyama, H. & Arai, S. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 16897–16902 (1991).
Granell, A., Harris, N., Pisabarro, A.G. & Carbonell, J. Plant J. 2, 907–915 (1992).
Berti, P.J. & Storer, A.C. J. Mol. Biol. 246, 273–283 (1995).
Isaacs, N.W. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5, 391–395 (1995).
Lin, S.L. & Nussinov, R. Nature Struct. Biol. 2, 835–837 (1995).
Efimov, A.V. FEBS Lett. 355, 213–219 (1994).
Bhandari, V. & Bateman, A. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 188, 57–63 (1992).
Südhof, T.C. et al. Science 228, 893–895 (1995).
Campbell, I.D. & Bork, P. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 3, 385–392 (1993).
Groenen, L.C., Nice, E.C. & Burgess, A.W. Growth Factors 11, 235–257 (1994).
Montelione, G.T. et al. Biochemistry 31, 236–249 (1992).
Selander-Sunnerhagen, M. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 19642–19649 (1992).
Barbacci, E.G. et al. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 9585–9589 (1995).
Culouscou, J.-M., Carlton, G.W. & Shoyab, M. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 10458–10462 (1993).
Parnell, P.G., Carter, B.J. & Halper, J. J. Rec. Sign. Trans. Res. 15, 747–756 (1995).
Wishart, D.S., Sykes, B.D. & Richards, F.M. Biochemistry 31, 1647–1651 (1992).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hrabal, R., Chen, Z., James, S. et al. The hairpin stack fold, a novel protein architecture for a new family of protein growth factors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 3, 747–752 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsb0996-747
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nsb0996-747
- Springer Nature America, Inc.
This article is cited by
-
Progranulin and GPNMB: interactions in endo-lysosome function and inflammation in neurodegenerative disease
Journal of Neuroinflammation (2023)
-
Granulin as an important immune molecule involved in lamprey tissue repair and regeneration by promoting cell proliferation and migration
Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters (2022)
-
Progranulin deficiency in Iba-1+ myeloid cells exacerbates choroidal neovascularization by perturbation of lysosomal function and abnormal inflammation
Journal of Neuroinflammation (2021)
-
Progranulin associates with hexosaminidase A and ameliorates GM2 ganglioside accumulation and lysosomal storage in Tay-Sachs disease
Journal of Molecular Medicine (2018)
-
The lysosomal function of progranulin, a guardian against neurodegeneration
Acta Neuropathologica (2018)