Abstract
CaBP1–8 are neuronal Ca2+-binding proteins with similarity to calmodulin (CaM). Here we show that CaBP4 is specifically expressed in photoreceptors, where it is localized to synaptic terminals. The outer plexiform layer, which contains the photoreceptor synapses with secondary neurons, was thinner in the Cabp4−/− mice than in control mice. Cabp4−/− retinas also had ectopic synapses originating from rod bipolar and horizontal cells tha HJt extended into the outer nuclear layer. Responses of Cabp4−/− rod bipolars were reduced in sensitivity about 100-fold. Electroretinograms (ERGs) indicated a reduction in cone and rod synaptic function. The phenotype of Cabp4−/− mice shares similarities with that of incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2) patients. CaBP4 directly associated with the C-terminal domain of the Cav1.4 α1-subunit and shifted the activation of Cav1.4 to hyperpolarized voltages in transfected cells. These observations indicate that CaBP4 is important for normal synaptic function, probably through regulation of Ca2+ influx and neurotransmitter release in photoreceptor synaptic terminals.
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Acknowledgements
We thank W. Baehr, P. Detwiler, T. Doan, S. Bajjalieh and A. Polans for comments on the manuscript. We thank Y. Kim, M. Batten, A. Alekseev and M. Kalnoky for technical assistance. Anti-mGluR6 and anti-SV2 antibodies were gifts from S. Nakanishi and S.M. Bajjalieh, respectively. This research was supported by National Institutes of Health grants EY09339 to K.P., EY014561 to F.H., EY11850 to F.R. and NS044922 to A.L., the Whitehall Foundation to A.L., a grant from Research to Prevent Blindness (RPB), Inc. to the Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Washington and a grant from the E.K. Bishop Foundation. K.P. is a RPB Senior Investigator. D.P. was supported by a Vision Core Grant EY01730.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
The mouse Cabp4 gene and the targeting construct. (PDF 251 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
Cross-section of retinas analyzed by transmission EM. (PDF 2395 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 3
Retina histology of six to eight-month-old Cabp4−/− and Cabp4+/+ mice. (PDF 403 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 4
ERG responses from Cabp4−/− and Cabp4+/+ mice. (PDF 100 kb)
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Haeseleer, F., Imanishi, Y., Maeda, T. et al. Essential role of Ca2+-binding protein 4, a Cav1.4 channel regulator, in photoreceptor synaptic function. Nat Neurosci 7, 1079–1087 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1320
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1320
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