Conversion of Antarctic circumpolar upwelling waters to less dense water has mainly been attributed to surface heat fluxes. An analysis of water-mass transformation shows that the dominant process is the formation of sea ice near Antarctica and its melt offshore.
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Bindoff, N., Hobbs, W. Sea-ice-driven shallow overturning. Nature Geosci 9, 569–570 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2766
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2766
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