The US EPA's analysis of Bt crops finds that they pose no significant risk to the environment or to human health.
References
Biopesticides Registration Action Document (BRAD)—Bacillus thuringiensis Plant-Incorporated Protectants, US EPA, October 15, 2001. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/bt_brad.htm
Title 7, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 340, Introduction of Organisms and Products Altered or Produced Through Genetic Engineering Which Are Plant Pests or Which There is Reason to Believe Are Plant Pests.
Title 40, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 174, Procedures and Requirements for Plant-Incorporated Protectants. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/biopesticides/pips/index.htm
Title 7, United States Code, §§ 136–136y, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act.
Title 21, United States Code, §§ 301–397, Federal, Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
US National Academy of Sciences. Genetically Modified Pest-Protected Plants: Science and Regulation (National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2000). http://www.nap.edu/books/0309069300/html/
StarLink Corn Regulatory Archive, US EPA. http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ biopesticides/pips/starlink_corn_archive.htm
Acknowledgements
Edward Brandt, Doug Gurian-Sherman, Linda Hollis, William Jordan, Suzanne Krolikowski, Sharlene Matten, Felicia Wu Morris, Willie Nelson, Alan Reynolds, Robyn Rose, Sasha Sicks, Brian Steinwand, Toby Tiktinski, Gail Tomimatsu, Robert Torla, Michael T. Watson and Chris Wozniak also contributed by being part of the EPA's Bt Crop Reassessment Teams.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Mendelsohn, M., Kough, J., Vaituzis, Z. et al. Are Bt crops safe?. Nat Biotechnol 21, 1003–1009 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0903-1003
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0903-1003
- Springer Nature America, Inc.
This article is cited by
-
The evaluation of resistance risk to Cry2Ab and cross-resistance to other insecticides in Helicoverpa armigera
Journal of Pest Science (2024)
-
A 90-day subchronic oral toxicity assessment of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii biomass, genetically modified to express cry11Ba protein, by using Han Wistar rats
Journal of Applied Phycology (2023)
-
Lessons learned from the introduction of genetically engineered crops: relevance to gene drive deployment in Africa
Transgenic Research (2022)
-
Host plant resistance for fall armyworm management in maize: relevance, status and prospects in Africa and Asia
Theoretical and Applied Genetics (2022)
-
Self-limiting fall armyworm: a new approach in development for sustainable crop protection and resistance management
BMC Biotechnology (2022)