Transition metals form mixed-valence oxides that are expected to have ordered arrangements of d-shell electrons. But the ionic picture must be rethought to include oxygen ‘holes’ in the charge-ordered patterns.
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Coey, M. Charge-ordering in oxides. Nature 430, 155–157 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1038/430155a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/430155a
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