Morphogens are in the front line just now. Here I trace how the concept of a morphogen has evolved over the past 100 years and step a little beyond what we already know.
References
Day, S. J. & Lawrence, P. A. Development 127, 2977–2987 (2000).
Lawrence, P. A. & Struhl, G. Cell 85, 951–961 (1996).
McDowell, N. & Gurdon, J. B. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 311–317 (1999).
Podos, S. D. & Ferguson, E. L. Trends Genet. 15, 396–402 (1999).
Strigini, M. & Cohen, S. M. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 335–344 (1999).
Teleman, A. A., Strigini, M. & Cohen, S. M. Cell 105, 559–562 (2001).
Tickle, C. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 10, 345–351 (1999).
Vervoort, M. Bioessays 22, 460–468 (2000).
Morgan, T. H. Wilhelm Roux's Archive Dev. Biol. 5, 582 (1897).
Boveri, T. Verh. Phys-med. Ges.Würzburg 34, 145–175 (1901).
Dalcq, A. & Pasteels, J. Bull. Acad. Roy. Méd.Belg. 6, 261–308 (1938).
Yamada, T. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jap. 19, 131–197 (1940).
Sander, K. Ciba Foundation Symposium 29, 241–263 (1975).
von Ubisch, L. Entwicklungsprobleme (Gustav Fischer, Jena, 1953).
Sander, K. Landmarks in Developmental Biology 1883–1924 (Springer, Berlin, 1997).
Driever, W. & Nusslein-Volhard, C. Cell 54, 95–104 (1988).
Driever, W. & Nüsslein-Volhard, C. Cell 54, 83–94 (1988).
Lawrence, P. A. The Making of a Fly: The Genetics of Animal Design (Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 1992).
Struhl, G., Johnston, P. & Lawrence, P. A. Cell 69, 237–249 (1992).
Zecca, M., Basler, K. & Struhl, G. Development 121, 2265–2278 (1995).
Crossley, P. H., Martinez, S. & Martin, G. R. Nature 380, 66–68 (1996).
Dupe V. and Lumsden A. Development (in press).
Lecuit, T. et al. Nature 381, 387–393 (1996).
Nellen, D., Burke, R., Basler, K. & Struhl, G. Cell 85, 357–368 (1996).
Ramirez-Weber, F. A. & Kornberg, T. B. Cell 97, 599–607 (1999).
Strigini, M. & Cohen, S. M. Curr. Biol. 10, 293–300 (2000).
Chen, Y. & Struhl, G. Cell 87, 553–563 (1996).
Nardi, J. B. & Kafatos, F. C. J. Embryol. Exp. Morphol. 36, 469–487 (1976).
Nose, A., Nagafuchi, A. & Takeichi, M. Cell 54, 993–1001 (1988).
Lawrence, P. A., Casal, J. & Struhl, G. Development, 126, 2441–2449 (1999).
Burke, R. & Basler, K. Development 122, 2261–2269 (1996).
Dahmann, C. & Basler, K. Trends Genet. 15, 320–326 (1999).
Nübler-Jung, K. Wilhelm Roux's Archive Dev. Biol. 183, 17–40 (1977).
Drubin, D. G. Cell Polarity (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2000).
Hochstrasser, M., Mathog, D., Gruenbaum, Y., Saumweber, H. & Sedat, J. W. J. Cell Biol. 102, 112–123 (1986).
Locke, M. J. Exp. Zool. 36, 459–477 (1959).
Stumpf, H. F. Nature 212, 430–431 (1966).
Lawrence, P. A. J. Exp. Biol. 44, 607–620 (1966).
Stumpf, H. F. J. Exp. Biol. 49, 49–60 (1968).
Shulman, J. M., Perrimon, N. & Axelrod, J. D. Trends Genetics 14, 452–458 (1998).
Lawrence, P. A., Casal, J. & Struhl, G. Development, 126, 2431–2439 (1999).
Struhl, G., Barbash, D. A. & Lawrence, P. A. Development 124, 2155–2165 (1997).
Struhl, G., Barbash, D. A. & Lawrence, P. A. Development 124, 2143–2154 (1997).
Bohn, H. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 32, 81–98 (1974).
Parent, C. A. & Devreotes, P. N. Science 284, 765–770 (1999).
Zigmund, S. H. J. Cell Biol. 88, 644–647 (1981).
Simpson, P. Dev. Biol. 69, 182–193 (1979).
Simpson, P. & Morata, G. Dev. Biol. 85, 299–308 (1981).
Acknowledgements
I thank Klaus Sander for years of education.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lawrence, P. Morphogens: how big is the big picture?. Nat Cell Biol 3, E151–E154 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35083096
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/35083096
- Springer Nature Limited
This article is cited by
-
Predictive model for cytoneme guidance in Hedgehog signaling based on Ihog- Glypicans interaction
Nature Communications (2022)
-
Morphogenesis: a focus on marine invertebrates
Marine Life Science & Technology (2019)
-
From morphogen to morphogenesis and back
Nature (2017)
-
Cytonemes are required for the establishment of a normal Hedgehog morphogen gradient in Drosophila epithelia
Nature Cell Biology (2013)
-
Cytoneme-mediated cell-to-cell signaling during development
Cell and Tissue Research (2013)