Skip to main content
Log in

CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation

  • Review Article
  • Published:

From Nature

View current issue Submit your manuscript

Abstract

It is likely that most vertebrate genes are associated with ‘HTF islands’—DNA sequences in which CpG is abundant and non-methylated. Highly tissue-specific genes, though, usually lack islands. The contrast between islands and the remainder of the genome may identify sequences that are to be constantly available in the nucleus. DNA methylation appears to be involved in this function, rather than with activation of tissue specific genes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Swartz, M. N., Trautner, T. A. & Kornberg, A. J. biol. Chem. 237, 1961–1967 (1962).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Russell, G. J., Walker, P. M. B., Elton, R. A. & Subak-Sharpe, J. H. J. molec. Biol. 108, 1–23 (1976).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Coulondre, C., Miller, J. H., Farabough, P. J. & Gilbert, W. Nature 274, 775–780 (1978).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bird, A. P. Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 1499–1504 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Cooper, D. N., Taggart, M. H. & Bird, A. P. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 647–658 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Bird, A. P., Taggart, M., Frommer, M., Miller, O. J. & Macleod, D. Cell 40, 91–99 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. McKeon, C., Ohkubo, H., Pastan, I. & de Crombrugghe, B. Cell 29, 203–210 (1982).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stein, R., Sciaky-Gallili, N., Razin, A. & Cedar, H. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 2423–2426 (1983).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Tykocinski, M. L. & Max, E. C. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 4385–4396 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Wolf, S. F., Jolly, D. J., Lunmen, K. D., Friedman, T. & Migeon, B.R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 2806–2810 (1984).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Toniolo, D. et al. EMBO J. 3, 1987–1995 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Keshet, I., Yisraeli, J. & Cedar, H. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 2560–2564 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Yen, P. H., Patel, P., Chinault, A. C., Mohandas, T. & Shapiro, L. J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 81, 1759–1763 (1984).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Wolf, S. F. et al. Nucleic Acids Res. 12, 9333–9348.

  15. Liskay, R. M. & Evans, R. J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 77, 4895–4898 (1980).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Chapman, V. M. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 5357–5371 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. Venolia, L. & Gartler, S. M. Nature 302, 82–83 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Venolia, L. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 2352–2354.

  19. Gartler, S. M. & Riggs, A. D. A. Rev. Genet. 17, 153–190 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Kruczek, I. & Doerfler, W. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 7586–7590 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Harbers, K., Schnieke, H., Stuhlmann, H., Jahner, D. & Jaenisch, R. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 7609–7613 (1981).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Graessman, M., Graessman, A., Wagner, H., Wagner, E. & Simon, D. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 6470–6474 (1983).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  23. Jaenisch, R. & Jahner, D. Biochim. biophys. Acta 782, 1–9 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Gautsch, J. W. & Wilson, M. Nature 301, 32–37 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Niwa, O., Yokota, Y., Ishida, H. & Sugahara, T. Cell 32, 1105–1113 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wigler, M. H. Cell 24, 285–286 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Stuhlman, H., Jahner, D. & Jaenisch, R. Cell 26, 221–232 (1981).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Bird, A. P. & Taggart, M. H. Nucleic Acids Res. 8, 1485–1497 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Bird, A. P., Taggart, M. H. & Smith, B. A. Cell 17, 889–901 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Mandel, J. L. & Chambon, P. Nucleic Acids Res. 7, 2081–2103 (1979).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Doerfler, W. A. Rev. Biochem. 52, 93–124 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Wilks, A. F., Cozens, P. J., Mattaj, I. W. & Jost, J-P. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79, 4252–45255 (1982).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Vedel, M., Gomez-Garcia, M., Sala, M. & Sala-Trepat, J.J. Nucleic Acids Res. 11, 4335–4354 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Andrews, G. K., Dziadek, M. & Tamaski, T. J. biol. Chem. 257, 5148–5153 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Grainger, R. M., Hazard-Leonardo, R. M., Samaha, F., Hongan, L. M. & Lesk, M. R. Nature 306, 88–91 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Kunnath, L. & Locker, J. EMBO J. 2, 317–324 (1983).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Busslinger, M., Hurst, J. & Flavell, R. A. Cell 34, 107–206 (1983).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Jackson, P. D. & Felsenfeld, G. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 2296–2300 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Jones, P. A. Cell 40, 485–486 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Jones, P. A. & Taylor, S. M. Cell 20, 85–93 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Compere, S. J. & Palmiter, R. D. Cell 25, 233–240 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Durnam, S. M. & Palmiter, R. D. J. biol Chem. 256, 5712–5716 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Creusot, F., Acs, G. & Christman, J. K. J. biol. Chem. 257, 2041–2048 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Charache, S., Dover, G., Kirby Smith, C., Conover, T. & Moyer, M. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 80, 4842–4846 (1983).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hsiao, W. W., Gattoni-Celli, S., Kirschmeier, P. & Weinstein, I. B. Molec. cell. Biol. 4, 634–641 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. van der Ploeg, L. H. T. & Flavell, R. A. Cell 19, 947–958 (1980).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Cedar, H. in DNA Methylation: Biochemistry and Biological Significance (eds Razin, Cedar & Riggs) 147–164 (Springer, New York (1984).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  48. Bird, A. P. Nature 307, 503–504 (1984).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Reynolds, G. et al. Cell 38, 275–285 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Stone, E. M. et al. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 1628–632 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Brown, J., Daar, I. O., Krug, J. R. & Maquat, L. Molec. cell. Biol. 5, 1694–1706 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Valerio, D. et al. EMBO J. 4, 437–443 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Singer-Sam, J. et al. Gene 32, 409–417 (1984).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Levanon, D. et al. EMBO J. 4, 77–84 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hunt, C. & Morimoto, R.I. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 6455–6459 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. van Ooyen, A., Kwee, V. & Nusse, R. EMBO J. 4, 2905–2909 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. d'Onofrio, C., Colantuoni, V. & Cortese, R. EMBO J. 4, 1981–1989 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Giguere, V., Isobe, K.-I. & Grosveld, F. EMBO J. 4, 2017–2024 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Dush, M. K., Sikela, J. M., Khan, S. A., Tischfield, J. A. & Stambrook, P. J. Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 82, 2731–2735 (1985).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Dudor, K. P. & Perry, R. P. Cell 37, 457–468 (1984).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Shen, S., Slightom, J. L. & Smithies, O. Cell 26, 191–203 (1981).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Bird, A. CpG-rich islands and the function of DNA methylation. Nature 321, 209–213 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1038/321209a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/321209a0

  • Springer Nature Limited

This article is cited by

Navigation