Skip to main content
Log in

Bacterial behaviour

  • Review Article
  • Published:

From Nature

View current issue Submit your manuscript

Abstract

Bacteria swim by rotating their flagella. They back up or choose new directions at random by changing the direction of the rotation. The probability of such changes is biased by sensory reception. The bias depends on the way in which the intensity of the stimulus changes with time, so that the bacteria tend to swim up a gradient of attract ant and down a gradient of repellent chemicals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Weibull, C., in The Bacteria, 1 (edit. by Gunsalus, I. C., and Stanier, R. Y.), 153–205 (Academic, New York, 1960).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ziegler, H., Handb. Pfl Physiol., 17(2), 484–532 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Berg, H. C., A. Rev. Biophys. Bioeng. (in the press).

  4. Adler, J., A. Rev. Biochem. (in the press).

  5. DePamphilis, M. L., and Adler, J., J. Bact., 105, 384–395 (1971).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Bütschli, O., Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-reichs, 1(2), 856–857 (Winter, Leipzig, 1884).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ludwig, W., Z. vergl. Physiol., 13, 397–504 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Taylor, G., Proc. R. Soc., A 209, 447–461 (1951).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  9. Chwang, A. T., and Wu, T. Y., Proc. R. Soc., B 178, 327–346 (1971).

    ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schreiner, K. E., J. Biomech., 4, 73–83 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Coakley, C. J., and Holwill, M. E. J., J. theor. Biol., 35, 525–542 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Sleigh, M. A., (ed.), Cilia and Flagella (Academic, London,) (1974).

  13. Satir, P., Scient. Am., 231, 45–52 (1974).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Stocker, B. A. D., Symp. Soc. gen. Microbiol., 6, 19–40 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  15. Iino, T., Bacteriol. Rev., 33, 454–475 (1969).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Asakura, S., Advan. Biophys., 1, 99–155 (1970).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Smith, R. W., and Koffler, H., Advan. Microbiol. Physiol., 6, 219–339 (1971).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Klug, A., Symp. int. Soc. Cell Biol., 6, 1–18 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lowy, J., and Spencer, M., Symp. Soc. exp. Biol., 22, 215–236 (1968).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Harris, W. F., and Scriven, L. E., J. Mechanochem. Cell Motility, 1, 33–40 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Doetsch, R. N., J. theor. Biol., 11, 411–417 (1966).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Doetsch, R. N., and Hageage, G. J., Biol. Rev., 43, 317–362 (1968).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Vaituzis, Z., and Doetsch, R. N., J. Bact., 100, 512–521 (1969).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Doetsch, R. N., CRC Crit. Rev. Microbiol., 1, 73–103 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Jarosch, R., Osterr. bot. Z., 114, 255–306 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Jarosch, R., Mikroskopie, 25, 186–196 (1969).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jarosch, R., Acta Protozool., 11, 23–38 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Mussill, M., and Jarosch, R., Protoplasma, 75, 465–469 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Harris, W. F., Protoplasma, 77, 477–479 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Taylor, G., Proc. R. Soc., A 211, 225–239 (1952).

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. Berg, H. C., and Anderson, R. A., Nature, 245, 380–382 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Silverman, M., and Simon, M., Nature, 249, 73–74 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Larsen, S. H., Reader, R. W., Kort, E. N., Tso, W.-W., and Adler, J., Nature, 249, 74–77 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Armstrong, J. B., Adler, J., and Dahl, M. M., J. Bact., 93, 390–398 (1967).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Greenbury, C. L., and Moore, D. H., Immunology, 11, 617–625 (1966).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. DiPierro, J. M., and Doetsch, R. N., Can. J. Microbiol., 14, 487–489 (1968).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Meynell, E. W., J. gen. Microbiol., 25, 253–290 (1961).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Raimondo, L. M., Lundh, N. P., and Martinez, R. J., J. Virol., 2, 256–264 (1968).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  39. Iino, T., and Mitani, M., J. gen. Microbiol., 49, 81–88 (1967).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Silverman, M. R., and Simon, M. I., J. Bact., 112, 986–993 (1972).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Calladine, C. R., Nature, 249, 385 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Berg, H. C., Nature, 249, 77–79 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Larsen, S. H., Adler, J., Gargus, J. J., and Hogg, R. W., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71, 1239–1243 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Thipayathasana, P., and Valentine, R. C., Biochim. biophys. Acta., 347, 464–468 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Boos, W., A. Rev. Biochem., 43, 123–146 (1974).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Hilmen, M., Silverman, M., and Simon, M., J. supramol. Struct., 2, 360–371 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Parkinson, J. S., Cell, 4, 183–188 (1975).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Yamaguchi, S., Iino, T., Horiguchi, T., and Ohta, K., J. gen. Microbiol., 70, 59–75 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Vary, P. S., and Stocker, B. A. D., Genetics, 73, 229–245 (1973).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Berg, H. C., and Brown, D. A., Nature, 239, 500–504 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Berg, H. C., Rev. scient. Instrum., 42, 868–871 (1971).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Buder, J., Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 56, 529–584 (1915).

    Google Scholar 

  53. Engelmann, T. W., Pflugers Archs ges. Physiol., 30, 95–124 (1883).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Reichert, K., Zentbl. Bakt. Parasitenk Abt. I. Orig., 51, 14–94 (1909).

    Google Scholar 

  55. Metzner, P., Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 59, 325–412 (1920).

    Google Scholar 

  56. Rothert, W., Flora, 88, 371–421 (1901).

    Google Scholar 

  57. Jennings, H. S., and Crosby, J. H., Am. J. Physiol., 6, 31–37 (1901).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Brown, D. A., and Berg, H. C., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71, 1388–1392 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Macnab, R., and Koshland, D. E., Jr., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 69, 2509–2512 (1972).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Koshland, D. E., Jr, FEBS Lett., 40, S3–S9 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Tsang, N., Macnab, R., and Koshland, D. E., Jr, Science, 181, 60–63 (1973).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Taylor, B. L., and Koshland, D. E., Jr, J. Bacteriol., 119, 640–642 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  63. Pijper, A., J. path. Bact., 47, 1–17 (1938).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Macnab, R., and Koshland, D. E., Jr, J. molec. Biol., 84, 399–406 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Parkinson, J. S., Nature, 252, 317–319 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Armstrong, J. B., Can. J. Microbiol., 18, 591–596 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Armstrong, J. B., Can. J. Microbiol., 18, 1695–1701 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Aswad, D., and Koshland, D. E., Jr, J. Bact., 118, 640–645 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Adler, J., Science, 166, 1588–1597 (1969).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Links, J., thesis, Rijksuniversiteit, Leiden (1955).

  71. Clayton, R. K., Handb. Pfl Physiol., 17(1), 371–387 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  72. Clayton, R. K., in Photophysiology, 2 (edit. by Giese, A. C.) 51–77 (Academic, New York, 1964).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  73. Adler, J., and Templeton, B., J. gen. Microbiol., 46, 175–184 (1967).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Pfeffer, W., Unters. Bot. Inst. Tubingen, 1, 363–482 (1884).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Pfeffer, W., Unters. Bot. Inst. Tubingen, 2, 582–663 (1888).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Adler, J., J. gen. Microbiol., 74, 77–91 (1974).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Mesibov, R., and Adler, J., J. Bact., 112, 315–326 (1972).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  78. Adler, J., Hazelbauer, G. L., and Dahl, M. M., J. Bact., 115, 824–847 (1973).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  79. Tso, W.-W., and Adler, J., J. Bact., 118, 560–576 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Hazelbauer, G. L., and Adler, J., Nature new Biol., 230, 101–104 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Aksamit, R., and Koshland, E. D., Jr, Biochem. biophys. Res. Commun., 48, 1348–1353 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Aksamit, R. R., and Koshland, D. E., Jr, Biochemistry, 13, 4473–4478 (1974).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Hazelbauer, G. L., J. Bact. (in the press).

  84. Ordal, G. W., and Adler, J., J. Bact., 117, 517–526 (1974).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  85. Adler, J., and Epstein, W., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 71, 2895–2899 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Mesibov, R., Ordal, G. W., and Adler, J., J. gen. Physiol., 62, 203–223 (1973).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Spudich, J., and Koshland, D. E., Proc. natn. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in the press).

  88. Clayton, R. K., Archs Mikrobiol., 19, 141–165 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Adler, J., and Tso, W.-W., Science, 184, 1292–1294 (1974).

    Article  ADS  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Doetsch, R. N., J. theor. Biol., 35, 55–66 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Krieg, N. R., Tomelty, J. P., and Wells, J. S., Jr, J. Bact., 94, 1431–1436 (1967).

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  92. Caraway, B. H., and Krieg, N. R., Can. J. Microbiol., 18, 1749–1759 (1972).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Clayton, R. K., Archs Mikrobiol., 29, 189–212 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Faust, M. A., and Doetsch, R. N., Can. J. Microbiol., 17, 183–189 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Faust, M. A., and Doetsch, R. N., Can. J. Microbiol., 17, 191–196 (1971).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Berg, H. Bacterial behaviour. Nature 254, 389–392 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1038/254389a0

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/254389a0

  • Springer Nature Limited

This article is cited by

Navigation