Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Free Energy of Non-isothermal Systems

  • Letter
  • Published:

From Nature

View current issue Submit your manuscript

Abstract

HERE I draw attention to two thermodynamic functions the validity of which seems to be beyond dispute but the very existence of which is little known. Their importance is almost completely disregarded even though they extend the application of the free-energy concept to all systems, isothermal or not: the familiar free-energy functions of Helmholtz and Gibbs, A and G respectively, are simply special cases of the two more universal functions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Commentary on the Scientific Writings of J. Willard Gibbs (edit. by Donnan, F. G., and Haas, A.) (Yale University Press, 1936).

  2. Butler, J. A. V., Chemical Thermodynamics, fifth ed. (Macmillan, London, 1962).

    Google Scholar 

  3. Keenan, J. H., Mech. Eng., 54, 195 (1932).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Keenan, J., Thermodynamics (Wiley, New York, 1941).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Denbigh, K. G., The Principles of Chemical Equilibrium, 70 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Darrieus, G., Revue Générale de l' Electricité, 27, 963 (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  7. Gibbs, J. W., The Scientific Papers, 1, 39, 40, 77 (Longmans Green, 1906).

    Google Scholar 

  8. Lee, J. F., and Sears, F. W., Thermodynamics, 164 (Addison-Wesley, Cambridge, Mass., 1955).

  9. Denton, E. J., Croonian Lecture (Royal Society, in the Press).

  10. Lieske, R., and Hofmann, E., Biochem. Z., 210, 448 (1929).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Wilkie, D. R., Nature, 242, 606 (1973).

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. Denbigh, K. G., Chem. Eng. Sci., 6, 1 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bokris, J. M., and Srinivasan, C., Fuel Cells (McGraw Hill, New York, 1969).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Squires, A. M., Scient. Am., 227, 26 (1973).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Gyftopoulos, E. P., Hatsopoulos, G. N., and Keenan, J. H., Energy: Demand, Conservation and Institutional Problems (edit. by Macrakis, M. S.) (MIT Press, in the press).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physiology, University College of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT

    D. R. WILKIE

Authors
  1. D. R. WILKIE
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

WILKIE, D. Free Energy of Non-isothermal Systems. Nature 245, 457–458 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1038/245457a0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/245457a0

  • Springer Nature Limited

This article is cited by

Search

Navigation