Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A Comparative Capacity/Coverage Analysis for CDMA Cell in Different Propagation Environments

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the design of cells in mobile communication systems, path loss prediction models play an important role and have been the subject of the study for some time (M.F. Ibrahim and J.D. Parsons, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 130, No. 5, 1983). This paper presents the analysis of two main factors that affect the capacity bounds in a UMTS cell for different propagation models. These are the (i) interference levels at Node B, which increases with the number of active users, and (ii) the limited sending power of the user equipment (UE) which may not be able to send signals with enough power to reach Node B with the required received power level due to path loss. The aim of this paper is to analyse the capacity/coverage of the uplink of UMTS system in different propagation environments (free space, suburban, urban, dense urban, rural) and derive the capacity bounds for the UMTS cell. The capacity bounds have been extracted based on the extended COST-231 Hata model (http://cost.cordis.lu/src/whatiscost.cfm). COST-231 Hata is an extension of the Okumura—Hata model which covers the higher frequencies (G.L. Stüber, “Principles of Mobile Communications,” Kluwer, 1996) necessary for WCDMA. The basic model describes the propagation loss in an urban environment, but a number of correction factors can be applied to extend its application to a broader range of environments. The analysis takes into account a number of capacity influencing factors such as the CDMA code non-orthogonality, the inter-cell interference, imperfect power control, and different service specific factors. The simulation results show the effect of different system and varying environmental parameters upon the system's capacity in different environments. The results clearly demonstrate that it is too optimistic to rely on studies based on free space assumptions.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. M.F. Ibrahim and J.D. Parsons, “Signal Strength Prediction in Build-Up Areas”, IEE Proceedings, Vol. 130, No. 5, pp. 377–384, Aug 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  2. http://cost.cordis.lu/src/whatiscost.cfm (date-of-access: July 2001).

  3. G.L. Stüuber, “Principles of Mobile Communications”, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 19–20,117–118, 1996.

  4. M. Hata, “Fourth Generation Mobile Communication Systems Beyond IMT-2000”, in Proceedings of the Fifth Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC'99), 1999, pp. 765–768.

  5. E. Dahlmann, P. Berming, J. Knutsson, F. Ovesjo, M. Persson and C. Roobol, “W-CDMA-The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications”, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technology, Vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 1105–1118, Nov, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  6. http://www.comsoc.org/livepubs/surveys/public/4q98issue/prasad.html. (date-of-access: July 2003).

  7. M. Hata, “Empirical Formula for Propagation Loss in Land Mobile Radio Services”, IEEE Transaction on Vehicular Technologyf, Vol. 29, pp. 317–325, 1980.UNCORRECTED PROOF

    Google Scholar 

  8. Y. Okumura et al., “Field Strength and its Variability in VHF and UHF Land Mobile Radio Service”, Review of the Electrical Communications Laboratory, Vol. 16, No. 9–10, pp. 825–873, Sept./Oct. 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  9. J. Walfisch and H.L. Bertoni, “Theoretical Model of UHF Propagation in Urban Environments,” IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 36, No. 12, pp. 1788–1796, Dec, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  10. COST231: “Urban Transmission Loss Models for Mobile Radio in the 900 and 1800 MHz Bands (Revision 464 2)”, COST 231 TD(90)119 Rev. 2, The Hague, Netherlands, Sept. 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  11. COST231 (1999), “Digital Mobile Radio: Towards Future Generation Systems”, Final Report, EUR18957, Chapter 4, 1999.

  12. J.D. Parsons, “Mobile radio propagation channel”, 2nd (edn.) Wiley & Sons, p. 76, 2000.

  13. E. Moriyama, S. Sekizawa and T. Saruvatari, “Measurements of 775 MHz, 1.5 GHz and 2.3 GHz Band Multi Path Delay Spread in Urban Area”, in Proceedings ISAP'98, pp. 841–844, 1989.

  14. M. Feistel and A. Baier, “Performance of a Three-Dimensional Propagation Model in Urban Environments”, 6th IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, PIMRC'95, Toronto, Canada, Sept. 1995, Vol. 2, pp. 402–407.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Y. Oda, R. Tsuchihashi, K. Tsunekawa and M. Hata, “Measured Path Loss and Multipath Propagation Characteristics in UHF and Microwave Frequency Bands for UrbanMobile Communications”, IEEE VTS 53rd, Vehicular Technology Conference, (Spring, VTC 2001, 6–9 May, Vol. 1, pp. 337–341.

  16. M. Jeong and B. Lee, “Comparison Between Path-Loss Prediction Models for Wireless Telecommunication System Design”, Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'2001, 8–13 July, Vol. 2, pp. 186–189.

  17. E. Green and M. Hata, “Microcellular Propagation Measurements in an Urban Environment”, in Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile radio Communication, 23–25 Sept. 1991, pp. 324–328.

  18. D.M.J. Devasirvatham, “Radio Propagation Studies in a Small City for Universal Portable Communications”, 38th IEEE in Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'88, 15–17 June, 1988, pp. 100–104.

  19. C.Y.W. Lee and J.Y.D. Lee, “CDMA System Capacity Analysis”, 12th IEEE International Symposium, 30 Sept./03 Oct. 2001, Vol. 1, pp. D-139–D-143.

    Google Scholar 

  20. J. Schueller, K. Begain, M. Ermel, T. Mueller and M. Schweigel, “Performance Analysis of a Single UMTS Cell”, in Proceeding of the European Wireless Conference, Dresden, Germany, 13–14 Sept. 2000, pp. 281–286.

  21. S. Anand, A. Chockalingam and K.N. Sivarajan, “Outage and Capacity Analysis of Cellular CDMA with Admission Control”, IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, WCNC'2002, March, 2002 Vol. 2, pp. 908–912.

    Google Scholar 

  22. S. Ammari and A. Wautier, “Interference Factor Evaluation for CDMA System Capacity Analysis”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'2001, Rhodes Island, Greece, Vol. 3, pp. 1573–1577.

  23. S. Asari, P. Ho, A. Jalan and N. Velayudhan, “Performance Analysis of a Forward Link in a Power Controlled CDMA Network,” in Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'97, 4–7 May, 1997, Vol. 3, pp. 2118–2122.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Y. Hoon Kwon, C.L. Daniel and P. Woohyun, “Capacity Analysis of Forward Link with Deterministic Power Model in CDMA Systems with Adaptive Antenna Array and Soft Handoff”, IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'2002, Vol. 1, pp. 335–339.

  25. D. Kyung Kim and S. Hwang, “Capacity Analysis of an Uplink Sychronised Multi CarrierDS-CDMASystem”, IEEE Communication Letters, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 99–101, March 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Y. Kim John, L. Stuber Gordon and F. Akyildiz Ian, “A Simple Performance/Capacity Analysis of Multi-Class Macro-DiversityCDMA Cellular Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 99–101, Feb. 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  27. A. Viterbi, “CDMA: Principles of Spreading Spectrum Communication”, Addison-Wesley, pp. 4–9, 1995.

  28. M. Ruiz-Gracia, J.M. Romero-Jerez and A.D. Estrella, “Capacity Analysis of a Wideband CDMA System”, in Proceedings of International Society for the Systems Sciences, ISSS-2000, May, 2000, Birmingham, UK, pp. 1–6.

  29. H. Holma and J. Laakso, “Uplink Admission Control and Soft Capacity With MUD in CDMA”, IEEE VTS 50th, Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'99-Fall, Sept. 1999, Vol. 1, pp. 431–435.

    Google Scholar 

  30. H. Holma and A. Toskala, “WCDMA for UMTS: Radio Access for Third Generation Mobile Communications”, J. Wiley & Sons, 2nd(ed.), pp. 167–248, 2002.

  31. A.M. Viterbi and A.J. Viterbi, “Other-cell Interference in Cellular Power-Controlled CDMA”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 42, No. 2/3/4, pp. 1501–1504, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. A. Abrardo, G. Benelli, G. Giambene and D. Sennati, “An Analytical Approach for Closed-Loop Power Control Error Estimations in CDMA Cellular Systems”, IEEE International Conference in Communications, ICC'2000, 18–22 June 2000, Vol. 3, pp. 1492–1496.

    Google Scholar 

  33. N. Dimitrious and R. Tafazolli, “Resource Management Issues for UMTS”, 3G Mobile Communication Technologies Conference, IEE, First International Conference, London, UK, Conference Publication No. 471, pp. 401–405, 2000.

  34. N. Kong and L.B. Milstein, “Error Probability of Multicell CDMA Over Frequency Selective Fading Channels with Power Control Error”, IEEE Transactions on Communications, Vol. 47, No. 4, pp. 608–617, April 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  35. D. Ayyagari and A. Ephremides, “Cellular Multicode CDMA Capacity for Integrated (Voice and Data) Services”, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 17, No. 5, pp. 928–938, May 1999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. J. Banks, J.S. Carson and B.L. Nelson, “Discrete Event System Simulation”, 3rd (edn.), Prentice-Hall, pp. 301, 2001.

  37. L.F. Fenton, “The Sum of Log-Normal Probability Distributions in Scatter Transmission Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Communications [Legacy, pre-1988], Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 57–67, March 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  38. S. Schwartz and Y.S. Yeh, “On the Distribution Function and Moments of Power Sums with Log-Normal Components”, Bell Systems Technical Journal, Vol. 61, pp. 1441–1462, Sept. 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  39. W.C. Jakes, “Microwave Mobile Communications”, IEEE Press, pp. 16–80, 1993.

  40. L. Badia, M. Zorzi and A. Gazzini, “On the Impact of User Mobility on Call Admission Control in WCDMA Systems”, IEEE 56 in Proceedings of Vehicular Technology Conference, VTC'2002-Fall, 24–28 Sept. 2002 Vol. 1, pp. 121–126.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Information Technology, Mutah University, P.O. Box 7, Mutah, Jordan

    Aymen I. Zreikat

  2. School of Computing, University of Glamorgan, CF37 1DL, Pontypridd, Wales, UK

    Khalid Al-Begain

  3. Department of Computing, University of Bradford, BD7 1DP, Bradford, UK

    Kevin Smith

Authors
  1. Aymen I. Zreikat
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Khalid Al-Begain
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Kevin Smith
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Zreikat, A.I., Al-Begain, K. & Smith, K. A Comparative Capacity/Coverage Analysis for CDMA Cell in Different Propagation Environments. Wireless Personal Communications 28, 205–231 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WIRE.0000032254.68767.db

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WIRE.0000032254.68767.db

Search

Navigation