Abstract
Thermophilic aerobic wastewater treatment is reviewed. Thermophilic processes have been studied in laboratory and pilot-scale while full-scale applications are rare. The paper focuses on the microbiology of aerobic thermophiles, performance of the aerobic wastewater treatments, sludge yield, and alternatives to enhance performance of thethermophilic process. Thermophilic processes have been shown to operate under markedly high loading rates (30–180 kg COD m−3d−1).Reported sludge production values under thermophilic conditions vary between 0.05 and0.3 kg SS kg CODremoved, which are about the same or lower than generally obtained in mesophilic processes. Compared to analogous mesophilic treatment, thermophilic treatment commonly suffers from poorer effluent quality, measured by lower total COD and filtrated (GF-A) COD removals. However, in the removal of soluble (bacterial membrane filtered) COD both mesophilic and thermophilic treatments have produced similar results. Sludge settle ability in thermophilic processes have been reported to be better or poorer than in analogous mesophilic processes, although cases with better settling properties are rare. Combining thermophilic with mesophilic treatment or ultrafiltration may in some cases markedly improve effluent quality.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Andreottola G, Foladori P, Ragazzi M & Tatáno F (2000) Experimental comparison between MBBR and activated sludge system for the treatment of municipal wastewater. Wat. Sci. Tech. 41(4-5)∶ 375–382
Banat F, Prechtl S & Bischof F (1999) Experimental assessment of bio-reduction of di-2-thylhexyl pthalate (DEHP) under aerobic thermophilic conditions. Chemosphere. 39∶ 2097–2106
Barr T, Taylor J & Duff S (1996) Effect of HRT, SRT and temperature on the performance of activated sludge reactors treating bleached kraft mill effluent. Wat. Res. 30∶ 799–810
Becker P, Köster D, Popov M, Markossian S, Antranikian G & Märkl H (1999) The biodegradation of olive oil and the treatment of lipid-rich wool scouring wastewater under aerobic thermophilic conditions. Wat. Res. 33∶ 653–660
Bérubé P & Hall E (2000) Effects of elevated operating temperatures on methanol removal kinetics from synthetic kraft pulp mill condensate using a membrane bioreactor. Wat. Res. 34∶ 4359–4366
Brock T (1986) Introduction, an overview of the thermophiles. In∶ Brock TD (Ed), Thermophiles∶ General, Molecular, and Applied Microbiology (pp 1–16). Wiley Series in Ecological and Applied Microbiology, Wiley-Interscience Publications, Wiley & Sons, New York
Bossier P & Verstraete W(1996) Triggers for microbial aggregation in activated sludge? Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 45∶ 1–6
Bura R, Cheung M, Liao B, Finlayson J, Lee B, Droppo I, Leppard G & Liss S (1998) Composition of extracellular substances in the activated sludge matrix. Wat. Sci. Tech. 37(4-5)∶ 325–333
Cenens C, Smets I, Ryckaert V & van Impe J (2000) Modelling the competition between floc-forming and filamentous bacteria in activated sludge wastewater treatment systems - I. Evaluation of mathematical models based on kinetic selection theory. Wat. Res. 34∶ 2525–2534
Cibis E, Kent C, Krzywonos M, Garncarek Z, Garncarek B & Mickiewicz T (2002) Biodegradation of potato slops from a rural distillery by thermophilic bacteria. Biores. Tech. 85∶ 57–61
Couillard D & Zhu S (1993) Thermophilic aerobic process for the treatment of slaughterhouse effluents with protein recovery. Env. Pollution 79∶ 121–126
Dalentoft E & Thulin P (1997) The use of the Kaldnes suspended carrier process in treatment of wastewaters from the forest industry. Wat. Sci. Technol. 35(2-3)∶ 123–130
Gariépy S, Tyagi R Couillard D & Tran F (1989) Thermophilic process for protein recovery and an alternative to slaughterhouse wastewater treatment. Biol. Wastes 29∶ 93–105
Gebara F (1999) Activated sludge biofilm treatment system. Wat. Res. 33∶ 203–238
Golovacheva R (1976) Thermophilic nitrifying bacteria from hot springs. Mikrobiologiya 45∶ 377–379. Reference from LaPara and Alleman (1999)
Gmachowski L (2002) Aggregate structure and size distribution at steady state shear aggregation. Colloids and Surfaces A∶ Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. 201∶ 41–46
Graham D, Pereira R, Barfield D & Cowan D (2000) Nitrile biotransformations using free and immobilized cells of a thermophilic Bacillus spp. Enzyme and Microbiol. Tech. 26∶ 368–373
Habets L, Heins A & Knelissen H (1997) In line biological regeneration in a zero discharge recycle paper mill. Wat. Sci. Tech. 35(2-3)∶ 41–48
Hansen E, Zadura L, Frankowski S & Wachowicz M (1999) Upgrading of an activated sludge plant with floating biofilm carriers at Frantscach Swiecie S. A. to meet the new demands of year 2000. Wat. Sci. Technol. 40(11-12)∶ 207–214
Holden J, Summit M & Baross J (1998) Thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microorganisms in 3-30 °C hydrothermal fluids following a deep-sea volcanic eruption. FEMS Microbiology Ecology 25∶ 33–41
Huuhilo T, Puro L, Suvilampi J, Rintala J, Nuortila-Jokinen J & Nyström M (2001) Thermophilic biological aerobic pretreatment for ultrafiltration. In Proc. World Filtration Congress 8 (pp 1007–1010). Brighton, United Kingdom
Huuhilo T, Suvilampi J, Puro L, Rintala J, Mänttäri M, Nuortila-Jokinen J & Nyström M (2002) Internal treatment of pulp and paper mill process waters with a high temperature aerobic biofilm process combined with ultrafiltration and/or nanofiltration. Paper and Timber 84∶ 50–53
Jahren S (1999) Thermophilic Treatment of Concentrated Wastewater Using Biofilm Carriers. Doctoral Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway
Jahren S and Odegaard H (1999a) Thermophilic aerobic treatment of high strength wastewater using the moving bed biofilm reactor. Proc. of African Int. Environmental Symposium '99. Pietermaritzburg South Africa
Jahren S and Odegaard H (1999b) Treatment of thermomechanical pulping (TMP) whitewater in thermophilic (55 °C) anaerobicaerobic moving bed biofilm reactors. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(8)∶ 81–89
Jahren S, Rintala J & Odegaard H (1999) Evaluation of internal thermophilic biotreatment as a strategy in TMP mill closure. Tappi J. 82(8)∶ 141–149
Jahren S, Rintala J & Odegaard H (2002) Aerobic moving bed biofilm reactor treating thermomechanical pulping (TMP) whitewater under thermophilic conditions. Wat. Res. 36∶ 1067–1075
Jobbágy A, Neméth N, Altermatt R & Samhaber W (2000) Encouraging filament growth in an activated sludge treatment plant of the chemical industry. Wat. Res. 34∶ 699–703
Johnson R & Hall E (1996) The Biological Treatment of Recirculated Whitewater at High Temperatures. CCPA Tech. Sect. Pacific Coast & Western Branches Joint Spring Conf., Jasper Alberta Canada, pp 1–7
Johnson C, Page M & Blaha L (2000) Full scale moving bed biofilm reactor results from refinery and slaughterhouse treatment facilities. Wat. Sci. Tech. 34(4-5)∶ 401–407
Kaindl N, Tillman U & Möbius C (1999) Enhancement of capacity and efficiency of a biological waste water treatment plant - laboratory tests and pilot trials for the integration of moving bed biofilm carrier process and an ozone treatment into the biological was treatment plant of SCA Graphic Laakirchen AG, Austria. In The Proc. of the 6th IAWQ Symp. on Forest Industry Wastewaters (pp 279–286). Tampere, Finland, June 6-10
Kosseva M, Kent C & Lloyd D (2001) Thermophilic bioremediation of whey∶ Effect of physico-chemical parameters on the efficiency of the process. Biotech. Letters 23∶ 1675–1679
Krishna C & van Loosdrecht M (1999) Effect of temperature on storage polymers and activated sludge settleability. Wat. Res. 33∶ 2374–2382
Kurisu F, Sato H, Mino T & Matsuo T (2002) Microbial community analysis of thermophilic contact oxidation process by using ribosomal RNA approaches and the quinone profile method. Wat. Res. 36∶ 429–438
LaPara T & Alleman J (1999) Review paper; Thermophilic aerobic biological wastewater treatment. Wat. Res. 33∶ 895–908
LaPara T, Nakatsu C, Pantea L & Alleman J (2000a) Phylogenetic analysis of bacterial communities in mesophilic and thermophilic bioreactors treating pharmaceutical wastewater. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 66∶ 3951–3959
LaPara T, Konopka A & Alleman J (2000b) Energy spilling by thermophilic aerobes in potassium-limited continuous culture. Wat. Res. 34∶ 2723–2726
LaPara T, Nakatsu C, Pantea L & Alleman J (2001) Aerobic biological treatment of a pharmaceutical wastewater∶ Effect of temperature on COD removal and bacterial community development. Wat. Res. 35∶ 4417–4425
LaPara T, Nakatsu C, Pantea L & Alleman J (2002) Stability of the bacterial communities supported by seven-stage biological process treating pharmaceutical wastewater as revealed by PCR-DGGE. Wat. Res. 36∶ 638–646
Liao B, Allen D, Droppo I, Leppard G. & Liss S (2001) Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability. Wat. Res. 35∶ 339–350
Liao B, Allen G, Leppard G, Droppo I & Liss S (2002) Interparticle interactions affecting the stability of sludge flocs. J. of Colloidal and Interface Sci. 249∶ 372–380
Lim B, Huang X, Hu H-Y, Goto N & Fujie K (2001) Effects of temperature on biodegradation characteristics of organic pollutants and microbial community in a solid phase aerobic bioreactor treating high strength organic wastewater. Wat. Sci. Tech. 43(1)∶ 131–137
Liu H & Fang H (2002) Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludges. J. of Biotech. 95∶ 249–256
Liu Y & Tay L-H (2002) The essential role of hydrodynamic shear force in the formation of biofilm and granular sludge. Wat. Res. 36∶ 1653–1665
Madigan T, Martinko J & Parker J (1998) In∶ Brock TD (Ed), Biology of Microorganisms, 8th edition. Prentice Hall International, Inc., New Jersey, 986 pp
Malmqvist A, Welander T & Gunnarson L (1996) Suspended-carrier Biofilm Technology for Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Effluents. Symposium pre-print, the 5th IAWQ Symposium on Forest Industry Wastewaters, Vancouver, Canada
Malmqvist A, Gunnarson L & Torstenon C (1998) Lab and pilot scale tests as tools for upgrading - comparison with full-scale results. Wat. Sci. Tech. 37(9)∶ 25–31
Malmqvist A, Ternström A & Welander T (1999) In-mill biological treatment for paper mill closure. Wat. Sci. Tech. 40(11-12)∶ 43–50
Mikkelsen H & Keiding K (2002b) Physico-chemical characteristics of full-scale sewage sludges with implications to dewatering. Wat. Res. 36∶ 2451–2462
Morgan-Sagastume F & Allen G (2003) The assesment of different operating strategies for minimising activated sludge deflocculation under temperature transit conditions. Proc. of 7th IWA Symposium on Forest Industry Wastewaters. Seattle, June 1-4
Müller N (1998) Implementing biofilm carriers into activated sludge process - 15 years of experience. Wat. Sci. Tech. 37(9)∶ 167–174
Murthy S (1998) Bioflocculation∶ Implications for Activated Sludge Properties and Wastewater Treatment. Doctoral Thesis, Faculty of Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, United States of America
Murthy S & Novak J (1998) Effects of potassium ion on sludge settling, dewatering and effluent properties. Wat. Sci. Tech. 37(4-5)∶ 317–324
Murthy S & Novak J (2001) Influence of cations on activated-sludge effluent quality. Water Environ Res. 73∶ 30–36
Odegaard H, Gisvold B & Strickland J (2000) The influence of carrier size and shape in the moving bed biofilm process. Wat. Sci. Tech. 41(4-5)∶ 383–391
Olofsson A, Zita A & Hermansson M (1998) Floc stability and adhesion on GFP marked bacteria to flocs in activated sludge. Microbiology 144∶ 519–528
Ragona C & Hall E (1998) Parallel operation of ultrafiltration and aerobic membrane bioreactor treatment systems for mechanical newsprint whitewater at 55 °C. Wat. Sci. Tech. 38(4-5)∶ 307–314
Ramaekers J, van Dijk L, Lumpe C, Verstraeten E & Joore L (2001) Thermophilic Membrane Bioreactors in the Paper Industry - A Successful Key to In-mill Water Treatment. Paper Technology, February, Section Bioreactors, pp 32–40
Rintala J (1992) Thermophilic and Mesophilic Anaerobic Treatment of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastewaters. Doctoral Thesis, Tampere University of Technology, Finland
Rintala J & Lepistö S (1992) Anaerobic treatment of thermomechanical pulping whitewater at 35-70 °C. Wat. Res. 26∶ 1297–1305
Rozich A Bordacs K (2002) Use of thermophilic biological aerobic technology for industrial wastewater treatment. Wat. Sci. Tech. 46(4-5)∶ 83–89
Rusten B, Johnson C, Devall S, Davoren D & Cashion B (1999) Biological pretreatment of a chemical plant wastewater in highrate moving bed biofilm reactors. Wat. Sci. Tech. 39(10-11)∶ 257–264
Salehizadeh H & Shojaosadati S (2001) Extracellular biopolymeric flocculants - recent trends and biotechnological importance. Biotech. Adv. 19∶ 371–385
Schwarzenbach R, Gschwend P & Imboden D (1993) Environmental Organic Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 696 pp
Sirviö A (2002) The Characteristics of Biomass in Thermophilic Aerobic Wastewater Treatment Processes. Master of Science Thesis, University of Jyväskylä, 101 pp
Sobeck D & Higgins M (2002) Examination of three theories for mechanisms of cation-induced bioflocculation. Wat. Res. 36∶ 527–538
Sponza D (2002) Extracellular polymer substances and physicochemical properties of flocs in steady-and unsteady-state activated sludge systems. Process Biochemistry. 37∶ 983–998
Subramanian R, Laine J, Nqyen T, Bessonoff H & Paulapuro H (1999) Simulation of a fully closed paper mill - study of detrimental substances accumulation and paper quality. In Proc. of 4th Int. Conf. on Pulp and Paper Industry (pp 299–306). New Delhi, India, Dec. 14-16
Sundaram T (1986) Physiology and growth of thermophilic bacteria. In∶ Brock TD (Ed), Thermophiles∶ General, Molecular, and Applied Microbiology (pp 75–106). Wiley Series in Ecological and Applied Microbiology, Wiley-Interscience Publications, Wiley & Sons, New York
Sürücü G, Chian E and Engelbrecht R (1976) Aerobic thermophilic treatment of high strength wastewater. J. Wat. Pollut. Control Fed. 48∶ 669–679
Suvilampi J, Huuhilo T, Puro L, Rintala J, Nuortila-Jokinen J & Nyström M (1999) Closing water circuits in pulp and paper mills∶ Internal thermophilic purification using suspended carrier aerobic biofilm process combined with membrane filtration. In Proc. of 4th Int. Conf. on Pulp and Paper Industry (pp 605–609) New Delhi, India, Dec. 14-16
Suvilampi J, Lepistö R & Rintala J (2001) Biological treatment of pulp and paper mill process and wastewaters under thermophilic conditions - a review. Paper and Timber 83∶ 320–325
Suvilampi J & Rintala J (2002) Comparison of activated sludge processes at different temperatures∶ 35 °C, 27-55 °C, and 55 °C. Env. Technol. 23∶ 1127–1134
Suvilampi J, Rintala J & Nuortila-Jokinen J (In press a) Onsite aerobic suspended carrier biofilm treatment for pulp and paper mill process water under high and varying temperatures. Accepted for publication in Tappi Journal
Suvilampi J, Lehtomäki A & Rintala J (In press b) Comparison of laboratory-scale thermophilic biofilm and activated sludge processes integrated with a mesophilic activated sludge process. Accepted for publication in Bioresource Technology
Suvilampi J Lehtomäki A & Rintala J (Submitted for publication a) Comparative study of mesophilic and thermophilic activated sludge processes
Suvilampi J, Lehtomäki A & Rintala J (Submitted for publication b) Thermophilic-mesophilic wastewater treatment and biomass characterization
Suvilampi J & Rintala J (2003) Pilot-scale comparison of thermophilic suspended carrier biofilm process and activated sludge process in pulp and paper mill effluent treatment. Proc. of 7th IWA Symposium on Forest Industry Wastewaters. Seattle, June 1-4
Tardif O & Hall E (1997) Alternatives for treating recirculated newsprint whitewater at high temperatures. Wat. Sci. Tech. 35(2-3)∶ 57–65
Tchobanoglous G & Burton F (1991) Wastewater Engineering∶ Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, 3rd edition. Metcalf and Eddy Inc., McGraw-Hill, New York
Tiirola M, Suvilampi J, Kulomaa M & Rintala J (2003) Microbial diversity in thermophilic aerobic biofilm process; Analysis by Length Heterogeneity PCR (LH-PCR). Wat. Res. 37∶ 2259–2268
Tripathi C & Allen D (1999) Comparison of mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic biological treatment in sequencing batch reactors treating bleached kraft pulp mill effluent. Wat. Res. 33∶ 836–846
Welander T, Löfqvist A & Selmer A (1997) Upgrading aerated lagoons at pulp and paper mills. Wat. Sci. Tech. 35(2-3)∶ 117–122
Wilén B & Balmér P (1998) Short term effects of dissolved oxygen concentration on the turbidity of the supernatant of activated sludge. Wat. Sci. Tech. 38(3)∶ 25–33
Wilén B & Balmér P (1999) The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on the structure, size, and size distribution of activated sludge flocs. Wat. Res. 33∶ 391–400
Wilén B, Keiding K & Nielsen P (2000a) Anaerobic deflocculation and aerobic reflocculation of activated sludge. Wat. Res. 34∶ 3933–3942
Wilén B, Nielsen J, Keiding K & Nielsen P (2000b) Influence of microbial activity on the stability of activated sludge flocs. Colloids and Surfaces B∶ Biointerfaces 18∶ 145–156
Vogelaar J, Klapwijk A, van Lier J & Rulkens W (2000) Temperature effects on the oxygen transfer rate between 20-55 °C. Wat. Res. 34∶ 1037–1041
Vogelaar J (2002) Thermophilic Aerobic Post Treatment of Anaerobically Pretreated Paper Process Water. Doctoral Thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Vogelaar J, Bouwhuis E, Klapwijk A, Spanjers H & van Lier J (2002a) Mesophilic and thermophilic activated sludge post treatment of paper mill process water. Wat. Res. 36∶ 1869–1879
Vogelaar J, van Lier J, Klapwijk A, de Vries M & Lettinga G (2002b) Assessment of effluent turbidity in mesophilic and thermophilic activated sludge reactors - origin of effluent colloidal material. Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 59∶ 105–111
Vogelaar J, Klapwijk A, Temmink H & van Lier J (in press) Kinetics of mesophilic and thermophilic aerobic biomass grown on acetate. J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotech
Vogelaar J, van der Wal & Lettinga G (Submitted for publication) Combined calcium and BOD removal in a novel thermophilic up-flow fluidized bed reactor
Wu R, Lee D, Waite T & Guan J (2002) Multilevel structure of sludge flocs. J. of Colloidal and Interface Sci. 252∶ 383–392
Zhao Y (2002) Correlations between physical properties and optimum polymer dosage in alum sludge conditioning and dewatering. Chem. Eng. J. 4123∶ 1–9
Zita A & Hermansson A (1994) Effects of ionic strength on bacterial adhesion and stability of flocs in a wastewater activated sludge system. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 60∶ 3041–3048
Zita A & Hermansson A (1997a) Effects of bacterial cell surface structures and hydrophobicity on attachment to activated sludge flocs. Applied Env. Microbiology 63∶ 1168–1170
Zita A & Hermansson A (1997b) Determination of bacterial surface hydrophobicity of single cells in cultures and in wastewater in situ. FEMS Microbiology Letters 152∶ 299–306
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Suvilampi, J., Rintala, J. Thermophilic aerobic wastewater treatment, process performance, biomass characteristics, and effluent quality. Re/Views in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology 2, 35–51 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RESB.0000022959.46025.9a
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:RESB.0000022959.46025.9a