Abstract
Using a sample of 241 U.S. bank holding companies, we test all relevant rationales for corporate risk-management activities related to interest rate risk. Three main results emerge: (1) measurement error and the possibility of multiple influences on the model's proxy variables indicate that the confirmatory factor analysis method can provide a more accurate and comprehensive test of interest rate risk-management rationales than conventional estimation techniques, (2) the corporate risk-management theories most consistently supported are those related to financial distress costs and firm size, and (3) an exogenous factor related to interest rate volatility negatively influences a firm's interest rate risk exposure.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Allayannis, G. and J. P. Weston, “The Use of Foreign Currency Derivatives and Financial Market Value.” Review of Financial Studies 14, 243–276 (2001).
Altman, E. I., “Financial Ratios, Discriminant Analysis and the Prediction of Corporate Bankruptcy.” Journal of Finance 23, 589–609 (1968).
Berger, A. N. A. Saunders, J. M. Scalise, and G. F. Udell, “The Effects of Bank Mergers and Acquisitions on Small Business Lending.” Journal of Financial Economics 50, 187–229 (1998).
Berkman, H. and M. E. Bradbury, “Empirical Evidence on the Corporate Use of Derivatives.” Financial Management 25, 5–13 (1996).
Blair, R.D. and A. A. Heggestad, “Bank Portfolio Regulation and the Probability of Failure.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 10, 88–93 (1978).
Bodnar, G. M., G. S. Hayt, and R. C. Marston, “1995 Wharton Survey of Derivatives Usage by US Non-Financial Firms.” Financial Management 25, 142 (1996).
Bollen, K. A., Structural Equations with Latent Variables. New York: J. Wiley & Sons, (1989).
Brewer, E., W. E. Jackson, and J. T. Moser, “Alligators in the swamp: the impact of derivatives on the financial performance of depository institutions.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 28, 482–497 (1996).
Brickley, J. A., R. C. Lease, and C. W. Smith, Jr., “Ownership Structure and Voting on Antitakeover Amendments.” Journal of Financial Economics 20, 267–292 (1988).
Campbell, T. S. and W. A. Kracaw, “Corporate Risk-Management and the Incentive Effects of Debt.” Journal of Finance 45, 1673–1686 (1990).
Culp, C. L., D. Furbush, and B. T. Kavanagh, “Structured Debt and Corporate Risk-Management.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance Fall, 73–84 (1994).
Cummins, J. D., R. D. Phillips, and S. D. Smith, “The Rise of Risk-Management.” Economic Review, Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta 83, 30–40 (1998).
DeMarzo, P. and D. Duffie, “Corporate Incentives for Hedging and Hedge Accounting.” Review of Financial Studies 8, 743–772 (1995).
Demsetz, R. S. and P. E. Strahan, “Historical Patterns and Recent Changes in the Relationship Between Bank Holding Company Size and Risk.” FRBNY Economic Policy Review July, 13–26 (1995).
Deshmukh, S. D., S. I. Greenbaum, and G. Kanatas, “Interest Rate Uncertainty and the Financial Intermediary's Choice of Exposure.” Journal of Finance 38, 141–147 (1983).
Diamond, D. W., “Financial Intermediation and Delegated Monitoring.” Review of Economic Studies 51, 393–414 (1984).
Flannery, M. J. and C. M. James, “The Effect of Interest Rate Changes on the Common Stock Returns of Financial Institutions.” Journal of Finance 39, 1141–1153 (1984).
Froot, K. A., D. S. Scharfstein, and J. C. Stein, “Risk-Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies.” Journal of Finance 48, 1629–1658 (1993).
Froot, K. A. and J. C. Stein, “Risk Management, Capital Budgeting, and Capital Structure Policy for Financial Institutions: An Integrated Approach.” Journal of Financial Economics 47, 55–82 (1998).
Galloway, T. M., W. B. Lee, and D. M. Roden, “Banks' Changing Incentives and Opportunities for Risk Taking.” Journal of Banking and Finance 21, 509–527 (1997).
Geczy, C., B. M. Minton, and C. Schrand, “Why Firms Use Currency Derivatives.” Journal of Finance 52, 1323–1354 (1997).
Gorton, G. and R. Rosen, “Corporate Control, Portfolio Choice, and the Decline of Banking.” Journal of Finance 50, 1377–1420 (1995).
Graham, J. R. and D. A. Rogers, “Do Firms Hedge in Response to Tax Incentives?” Journal of Finance 57, 815–839 (2002).
Haushalter, G. D., “Financing Policy, Basis Risk, and Corporate Hedging: Evidence from Oil and Gas Producers.” Journal of Finance (55), 107–152 (2000).
Hirtle, B., “Derivatives, Portfolio Composition and Bank Holding Company Interest Rate Risk Exposure.” Wharton Financial Institutions Center, Working Paper No. 96-43 (1996).
Howton, S. and S. Perfect, “Currency and Interest-Rate Derivatives Use in U.S. Firms.” Financial Management 27(4), 111–121 (1998).
Hughes, J., W. Lang, C.-G. Moon, and M. S. Pagano, “Measuring the Efficiency of Capital Allocation in Commercial Banking.” Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, WP No. 98-02 (1997).
Hughes, J., W. Lang, L. Mester, C.-G. Moon, and M. S. Pagano, “Do Bankers Sacrifice Value to Build Empires? Managerial Incentives, Industry Consolidation, and Financial Performance.” Journal of Banking and Finance 27, 417–447 (2003).
Kashyap, A. and J. C. Stein, “The Impact of Monetary Policy on Bank Balance Sheets.” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 42, 151–195 (1995).
Keeley, M. C., Deposit Insurance, Risk, and Market Power in Banking.” American Economic Review 80, 1183–1200 (1990).
Mian, S. L., “Evidence on Corporate Hedging Policy.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 31, 419–439 (1996).
Modigliani, F. and M. H. Miller, “The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment.” American Economic Review 48, 261–297 (1958).
Nance, D. R., C. W. Smith, Jr. and C. W. Smithson, “On the Determinants of Corporate Hedging.” Journal of Finance 48, 267–284 (1993).
Newey, W. and K. West, “A Simple Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroscedasticity and Autocorrelation Consistent Covariance Matrix.” Econometrica 55, 703–708 (1987).
Pagano, M. S., “How Theories of Financial Intermediation and Corporate Risk-Management Influence Bank Risk-Taking Behavior.” Financial Markets, Institutions, and Instruments 10, 277–323 (2001).
Palia, D., “The Managerial, Regulatory, and Financial Determinants of Bank Merger Premiums.” Journal of Industrial Economics 41, 91–102 (1993).
Pennacchi, G. G., “A Reexamination of the Over-(or under-) Pricing of Deposit Insurance.” Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 19, 340–360 (1987).
Saunders, A., E. Strock, and N. G. Travlos, “Ownership Structure, Deregulation, and Bank Risk Taking.” Journal of Finance 45, 643–654 (1990).
Schrand, C. M., “The Association Between Stock-Price Interest Rate Sensitivity and Disclosures About Derivatives Instruments.” The Accounting Review 72, 87–109 (1997).
Schrand, C. M. and H. Unal, “Hedging and Coordinated Risk-Management: Evidence from Thrift Conversions.” Journal of Finance 53, 979–1014 (1998).
Shapiro, A. C. and S. Titman, “An Integrated Approach to Corporate Risk-Management.” Midland Corporate Finance Journal Summer, 41–56 (1985).
Smith, C. W. and R. M. Stulz, “The Determinants of Firms' Hedging Policies.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 20, 391–405 (1985).
Spong, K. R. and R. J. Sullivan, “How does Ownership Structure and Manager Wealth Influence Risk?” Financial Industry Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of K. C., 15–40 (1998).
Stulz, R. M., “Optimal Hedging Policies.” Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 19, 127–140 (1984).
Stulz, R. M., “Managerial Discretion and Optimal Financing Policies.” Journal of Financial Economics 26, 3–27 (1990).
Stulz, R. M., “Rethinking Risk-Management.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 9, 8–24 (1996).
Tufano, P., “Who Manages Risk? An Empirical Examination of Risk-Management Practices in the Gold Mining Industry.” Journal of Finance 51, 1097–1137 (1996).
Tufano, P., “Agency Costs of Corporate Risk-Management.” Financial Management 27, 67–77 (1998).
Unal, H. and E. J. Kane, “Two Approaches to Assessing the Interest Rate Sensitivity of Deposit Institution Equity Returns.” Research in Finance 7, 113–137 (1988).
Wall, L. D. and J. J. Pringle, “Alternative Explanations of Interest Rate Swaps: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis.” Financial Management 18, 59–73 (1989).
Whidbee, D. A. and M. Wohar, “Derivative Activities and Managerial Incentives in the Banking Industry.” Journal of Corporate Finance 5, 251–276 (1999).
White, H., “A Heteroscedasticity-Consistent Covariance Matrix Estimator and A Direct Test for Heteroscedasticity.” Econometrica 48, 817–838 (1980).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pagano, M.S. Using an Alternative Estimation Method to Perform Comprehensive Empirical Tests: An Application to Interest Rate Risk-Management. Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting 23, 377–406 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:REQU.0000049322.82965.cc
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:REQU.0000049322.82965.cc