Abstract
This article uses autoethnography to make larger conceptual/theoretical points about racial/ethnic identity categories for Puerto Ricans in the United States. I utilize Puerto Rican-ness to illustrate the limitations of U.S. “race” and ethnic constructs by furthering racialization analyses with seemingly contradictory categories such as “white” and “people of color.” I contrast personal experiences to those of racial/ethnic classificatory systems, the American imagery of Puerto Ricans, and simplistic, political identifications. Travel, colonial relations, intra-ethnic coalitional possibilities, and second-class citizenship are all aspects that expand on the notion of racialization as classically utilized in sociology and the social sciences. Although this is not a comparative study, I present differences between racial formation systems in Puerto Rico and the U.S. in order to make these points.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Ahmad, M. (2002). Homeland insecurities: Racial violence the day after September 11. Social Text, 72, 101–115.
Alarcón, N. (1990). The theoretical subject(s) of This bridge called my back and Anglo-American feminism. In G. Anzaldúa (Ed.), Making face, making soul—haciendo caras: Creative and critical perspectives by feminists of color (pp. 356–369). San Francisco: Aunt Lute Foundation Books.
Alcoff, L. M. (2000). Is Latina/o identity a racial identity? In J. J. E. Gracia & P. De Greiff (Eds.), Hispanics/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, race, and rights (pp. 23–44): New York: Routledge.
Allen, T.W. (1999). “Race” and “ethnicity”: History and the 2000 Census. Cultural Logic: An Electronic Journal of Marxist Theory & Practice, 3 (http://eserver.org/clogic/3-1&2/allen.html).
Almaguer, T. (2003). At the crossroads of race: Latino/a studies and race making in the United States. In J. Poblete (Ed.), Critical Latin American and Latino studies (pp. 206–222). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Anzaldúa, G., & Moraga, C. (Eds.) (1983). This bridge called my back: Radical writings by women of color. New York: Kitchen Table Press.
Baker, L. D. (2001). Response to “Philosophical aspects of the ‘AAA statement on race’.” Anthropological Theory, 1, 467–471.
Berman Santana, D. (1999). No somos únicos: The status issue from Manila to San Juan. CENTRO: Center for Puerto Rican Studies Journal, 11, 127–140.
Bernabe, R. (2001). Puerto Rico, colonialism and the death penalty: Washington's capital crimes. Against the Current (http://www.igc.org/solidarity/atc/94Bernabe.html).
Bigler, E. (1999). American conversations: Puerto Ricans, white ethnics, and multicultural education. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Blauner, B. (1972). Racial oppression in America. New York: Harper & Row.
Boughton, G. J., & Leary, P. M. (1994). Conference papers presented: A time of change: Relations between the United States and American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Marianas, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands, February 8–11, 1993. Mangilao, Guam: University of Guam/St. Thomas: University of the Virgin Islands.
Bourdieu, P., & Wacquant, L. (1999). On the cunning of imperialist reason. Theory, Culture & Society, 16, 41–58.
Clough, P. T. (1997). Autotelecommunication and autoethnography: A reading of Carolyn Ellis's final negotiations. Sociological Quarterly, 38, 95–110.
Clough, P. T. (2000). Autoaffection:Unconscious thought in the age of teletechnology. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Darder, A. & Torres, R. D. (Eds.) (1998). The Latino studies reader: Culture, economy, and society. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Deck, A. A. (1990). Autoethnography: Zora Neale Hurston, Noni Jabavu, and cross-disciplinary discourse. Black American Literature Forum, 24, 237–256.
Early, J. (1998). An African American-Puerto Rican connection. In A. Torres, J. E. Velazquez, & E. Pantojas-Garcia (Eds.), The Puerto Rican movement: Voices from the diaspora (pp. 316–328). Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Ellis, C. (1995). Final negotiations. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Ellis, C. (1999). He(art)ful autoethnography. Qualitative Health Research, 9, 653–667.
Ellis, C., & Bochner, A. P. (Eds.). (1996). Composing ethnography: Alternative forms of qualitative writing. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira Press.
Espiritu, Y. L. (1992). Asian American pan-ethnicity: Bridging institutions and identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Ferrante, J., & Brown, P., Jr. (Eds.). (1998). The social construction of race and ethnicity in the United States. New York: Longman.
Flores, J. (1993). Divided borders: Essays on Puerto Rican identity. Houston: Arte Público Press.
Flores, J. (2000). From bomba to hip-hop: Puerto Rican culture and Latino identity. New York: Columbia University Press.
Flores, W. V., & Benmayor, R. (Eds.) (1997). Latino cultural citizenship: Claiming identity, space, and rights. Boston: Beacon Press.
Gaitán, A. (2000). Review essay on C. Ellis & A. Bochner (Eds.), Exploring alternative forms of writing ethnography (in Composing ethnography: Alternative forms of qualitative writing [1996]). Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research, 1. Retrived February 27, 2003, from http://qualitative-research.net/fqs/fqs-eng.htm.
Glazer, N., & Moynihan, D. P. (1963). Beyond the melting pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York City. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Gracia, J. J. E., & De Greiff, P. (2000). Hispanic/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, race, and rights. New York: Routledge.
Graham, R. (Ed.). (1990). The idea of race in Latin America, 1870–1940. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Grosfoguel, R., & Georas, C. (1996). The racialization of Latino Caribbean immigrants in the New York metropolitan area. CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies, 8, 190–201.
Guillaumin, C. (1999). “I know it is not nice, but...”: The changing face of “race”. In R. D. Torres, L. F. Mirón, & J. X. Inda (Eds.), Race, ethnicity, and citizenship: A reader (pp. 39–46). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Holt, N. L. (2003). Representation, legitimation, and autoethnography: An autoethnographic writing story. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 2 (http://www.ualberta.ca/~iiqm/backissues/2 1/html/holt.html).
Hunter, M. L. (2002). “If you are light you're alright”: Light skin color as social capital for women of color. Gender & Society, 16, 175–193.
James, W. (1996). Afro Puerto Rican radicalism in the U.S.: Reflections on the political trajectories of Arturo Schomburg and Jesús Colón. CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies, 8, 92–127.
Lâm, M. C. (1994). Feeling foreign in feminism. SIGNS: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 19, 865–893.
Lee, S. M. (1993). Racial classifications in the U.S. Census: 1890–1990. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 16, 75–94.
Lippi-Green, R. (1997). English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States. New York: Routledge.
Lopez, D., & Espiritu, Y. (1990). Pan-ethnicity in the United States: A theoretical framework. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 13, 198–224.
Lowe, L. (1996). Immigrant acts: On Asian American cultural politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Marable, M. (2001). The problematics of ethnic studies. In J. E. Butler (Ed.), Color-line to borderlands: The matrix of American ethnic studies (pp. 42–64). Seattle: University of Washington Press.
Martinot, S. (2003). The rule of racialization: Class, identity, governance. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Miles, R. (1989). Racism. London: Routledge.
Montalvo, F. F., & Codina, G. E. (2001). Skin color and Latinos in the United States. Ethnicities, 1, 321–341.
Moraga, C. (1983a). La güera. In G. Anzaldúa & C. Moraga (Eds.), op cit. (pp. 27–34).
Moraga, C. (1983b). Refugees of a world on fire: Foreword to the second edition. In G. Anzaldúa & C. Moraga (Eds.), op cit.
Morín, J. L. (2000). Indigenous Hawaiians under statehood: Lessons for Puerto Rico. CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies, 11, 5–25.
Muñoz, J. (2000). Feeling brown: Ethnicity and affect in Ricardo Bracho's The Sweetest Hangover (and Other STDs). Theatre Journal, 52, 67–79.
Negrón-Muntaner, F. (1999). “When I was a Puerto Rican lesbian”: Meditations on brincando el charco: Portrait of a Puerto Rican. GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, 5, 511–526.
Negrón-Muntaner, F. (2000). Feeling pretty: West Side Story and Puerto Rican identity discourses. Social Text, 63, 83–106.
Nobles, M. (2000). Shades of citizenship: Race and the census in modern politics. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Oboler, S. (2000). “It must be a fake!” In J. J. E. Gracia & P. De Greiff (Eds.), Hispanic/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, race, and rights (pp. 125–144). New York: Routledge.
Omi, W. (1996). Racialization in the post-civil rights era. In A. F. Gordon & C. Newfield (Eds.), Mapping multiculturalism (pp. 178–186). Minneapolis and London: University of Minnesota Press.
Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1986). Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s. New York: Routledge.
Perez, M. (2002). Pacific Islanders beyond U.S. racial formations: The case of Chamorro ambivalence and flux. Social Identities, 8, 457–479.
Prewitt, K. (Forthcoming 2004). The Census counts, the Census classifies. In N. Foner & G. M. Fredrickson (Eds.), Not just black and white: Historical and contemporary perspectives on immigration, race, and ethnicity in the United States. New York: Russell Sage.
Reed-Danahayg D. E. (Ed.) (1997). Auto/ethnography: Rewriting the self and the social. New York: Oxford.
Rivera Ortiz, A. I., & Ramos, A. G. (2001). Islands at the crossroads: Politics in the non-independent Caribbean. Boulder: Lynne Pienner Publishers.
Rodríguez, C. E. (2000). Changing race: Latinos, the census, and the history of ethnicity in the United States. New York: New York University Press.
Rodríguez-Morazzani, R. P. (1996). Beyond the rainbow: Mapping the discourse on Puerto Ricans and “race”. CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies, 8, 151–169.
Root, M. P. P. (1992). Racially mixed people in America. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Santiago-Valles, K. (1996). Policing the crisis in the whitest of all the Antilles. CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies, 8, 42–55.
Seale, C. (1999). The quality of qualitative research. London: Sage.
Steinberg, S. (1995). Turning back: The retreat from racial justice in American thought and policy. Boston: Beacon Press.
Tenni, C., Smyth, A., & Boucher, C. (2003). The researcher as autobiographer: Analysing data written about oneself. The Qualitative Report, 8 (http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/QR8-1/tenni.html).
Torres, R. D., Mirón, L. F., & Inda, J. X. (Eds.) (1999). Introduction. In Race, ethnicity, and citizenship: A reader (pp. 1–16). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Urciuoli, B. (1996). Exposing prejudice: Puerto Rican experiences of language, race, and class. Boulder: Westview Press.
U.S. Census Bureau (2001a). The Hispanic population (B. Guzmán). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, May (http://www.census.gov.population/socdemo/Hispanic).
U.S. Census Bureau (2001b). Overview of race and Hispanic origin (E. M. Grieco & R. C. Cassidy). U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, March.
Wade, P. (1997). Race and ethnicity in Latin America. London: Pluto Press.
Watson, J. (1997). Unruly bodies: Autoethnography and authorization in Nafissatou Diallo's De tilène au plateau (A Dakar childhood). Research in African Literatures, 28, 34–56.
Young, I. M. (2000). Structure, difference, and Hispanic/Latino claims of justice. In J. J. E. Gracia & P. De Greiff (Eds.), Hispanic/Latinos in the United States: Ethnicity, race, and rights (pp. 147–165). New York: Routledge.
Zack, N. (2001). Philosophical aspects of the “AAA statement on race.” Anthropological Theory, 1, 445–465.
Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing up bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vidal-Ortiz, S. On Being a White Person of Color: Using Autoethnography to Understand Puerto Ricans' Racialization. Qualitative Sociology 27, 179–203 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000020692.05355.6e
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:QUAS.0000020692.05355.6e