Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cauda Equina Paraganglioma: A Review

  • Published:
Journal of Neuro-Oncology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Although rare, cauda equina paraganglioma (CEP) is definitely established in the table of cauda equina tumours. There are no particular investigations to document its preoperative diagnosis, unless a vasomotor amine syndrome is present to guide the differential diagnostic spectrum. Magnetic resonance imaging is the examination of choice for the presurgical assessment, but there are still overlapping findings, mainly among CEP, ependymoma, schwannoma, and hemangioblastoma. It is also the only means for postoperative follow-up. Computed tomography may fail to reveal all intrathecal lesions. Total excision is the gold standard for lesions with such a benign or at least protracted clinical course, as observed with the CEP. In contrast to well-known oncologic principles in micro, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical prediction analysis, these tumours behave in an independent fashion. Promising efforts are being conducted in immunohistochemistry and DNA search, but the mainstay of our knowledge regarding its natural history still stems from our sporadic observation of its clinical behaviour.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Miller CA, Torack RM: Secretory ependymoma of the filum terminale. Acta Neuropathol 15: 240–250, 1970

    Google Scholar 

  2. Lerman RI, Kaplan ES, Daman L: Ganglioneuromaparaganglioma of the intradural filum terminale. J Neurosurg 36: 652–658, 1972

    Google Scholar 

  3. Horoupian DS, Kerson LA, Saiontz H, Valsamis M: Paraganglioma of cauda equina. Clinicopathologic and ultrastructural studies of an unusual case. Cancer 33: 1337–1348, 1974

    Google Scholar 

  4. Gullotta F, Helpap B: Tissue culture, electron microscopic and enzyme histochemical investigations of extraadrenal paragangliomas. Pathol Eur 11: 257–264, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  5. van Alphen HA, Bellot SM, Stam FC: Paraganglioma of cauda equina. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 79: 316–322, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  6. Lagacé R, Delage C, Gagné F: Paraganglioma of the filum terminale. Can J Neurol Sci 5: 257–260, 1978

    Google Scholar 

  7. Llena JF, Hirano A, Rubin RC: Paraganglioma in the cauda equina region. Acta Neuropathol (Berl.) 46: 235–237, 1979

    Google Scholar 

  8. Binkley W, Vakili ST, Worth R: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. J Neurosurg 56: 275–279, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  9. Llena JF, Wisoff HS, Hirano A: Gagliocytic paraganglioma in the cauda equina region, with biochemical and neuropathological studies. Case report. J Neurosurg 56: 280–282, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schmitt HP, Wurster K, Bauer M, Parsch K: Mixed chemodectoma-ganglioneuroma of the conus medullaris region. Acta Neuropathol (Berl.) 57: 275–281, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  11. Taxy JB: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Cancer 51: 1904–1906, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  12. Soffer D, Pittaluga S, Caine Y, Feinsod M: Paraganglioma of cauda equina. A report of a case and review of the literature. Cancer 51: 1907–1910, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  13. Böker DK, Wassmann H, Solymosi L: Paragangliomas of the spinal canal. Surg Neurol 19: 461–468, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  14. Cabello A, Ricoy JR: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Cancer 52: 751–754, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  15. Tsao MS, Bilbao J, Richardson P, Finlayson M: Cauda equina paraganglioma. Can J Neurol Sci 10: 266–269, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  16. Shuangshoti S, Suwanwela N, Suwanwela C: Combined paraganglioma and glioma of conus medullaris and cauda equina. J Surg Oncol 25: 162–167, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ilgren EB, Teddy PJ: Chemodectoma of the cauda equina: case report. Clin Neuropathol 3: 148–152, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  18. Steinberg GK, Rowan LM, White JE, Kristt DA: An unusual neoplasm of the cauda equina with gangliomatous and ependymomatous elements. Surg Neurol 22: 164–166, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  19. Lipper S, Decker RE: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. A histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural study and review of the literature. Surg Neurol 22: 415–420, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  20. Reyes MG, Torres H: Intrathecal paraganglioma of the cauda equina Neurosurgery 15: 578–582, 1984

    Google Scholar 

  21. Ironside JW, Royds JA, Taylor CB, Timperley WR: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: a histological, ultrastructrural and immunocytochemical study of two cases with a review of the literature. J Pathol 145: 195–201, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  22. Solymosi L, Ferbert A: A case of spinal paraganglioma. Neuroradiology 27: 217–219, 1985 188

    Google Scholar 

  23. Minase T, Kaku T, Dempo K, Ohtani S, Mori M, Ohnishi H, Kobayashi H: Two cases of paragangliomas of the cauda equina — case reports and review of the literature. Gan No Rinsho 31: 1012–1017, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gaffney EF, Doorly T, Dinn JJ: Aggressive oncocytic neuroendocrine tumour ('ocncocytic paraganglioma') of the cauda equina. Histopathology 10: 311–319, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sonneland PRL, Scheithauer BW, Lechago J, Crawford BG, Onofrio BM: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina region. Clinicopathologic study of 31 cases with special reference to immunocytology and ultrastructure. Cancer 58: 1720–1735, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  26. Anderson JR, Gullan RW: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: a case report. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 100–103, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kamalian N, Abbassioun K, Amirjamshidi A, Shams-Shahrabadi M: Paraganglioma of the filum terminale internum. Report of a case and review of the literature. J Neurol 235: 56–59, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  28. Cole G, Varma T, Hourihan M, Singhrao S, Frazer K: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 1558, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  29. Nagata K, Kakizoe M, Takagi H, Ohashi T, Yamamoto S, Inoue A, Yano T: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Kurume Med J 35: 95–99, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hirose T, Sano T, Mori K, Kagawa N, Sakaki A, Kuwamura Y, Hizawa K: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: an ultrastructural and immunohistochemical study of two cases. Ultrastruct Pathol 12: 235–243, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  31. Chillon D, Fraga J, Gonzalez EA, Burgos E, Garcia de Sola R: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina with gangliocyte differentiation. Arch Neurobiol (Madr) 52: 193–197, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hayes E, Lippa C, Davidson R: Paragangliomas of the cauda equina. AJNR 10: S45–S47, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  33. O'Sullivan MG, Keohane C, Buckley TF: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: a case report and review of the literature. Br J Neurosurg 4: 63–68, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  34. Anderson DJ, Stambough JL, Rothman RH: A rare intradural tumor simulating spondylolisthetic radiculopathy. Clin Orthop 252: 136–138, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  35. Fuentes JM, Benezech J, Marty M, Monthieu JY: Intraspinal paraganglioma. Apropos of 3 cases with a review of the literature. Neurochirurgie 36: 108–114, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  36. Raftopoulos C, Flament-Durand J, Brucher JM, Stroobandt G, Chaskis C, Brotchi J: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 92—93: 263–270, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  37. Pigott TJD, Lowe JS, Morrell K, Kerslake RW: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Report of three cases. J Neurosurg 73: 455–458, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  38. Djindjian M, Ayache P, Brugières P, Malapert D, Baudrimont M, Poirier J: Giant gangliocytic paraganglioma of the filum terminale. Case report. J Neurosurg 73: 459–461, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  39. Yoshida A, Umekita Y, Ohi Y, Hatanaka S, Yoshida H: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 305–310, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  40. Iliya AR, Davis RP, Seidman RJ: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: case report with magnetic resonance imaging description. Surg Neurol 35: 366–367, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  41. Naim-ur-Rahman, Sadiq S, Jamjoom ZA: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: case report and reviewof the literature. Br J Neurosurg 5: 409–415, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  42. Khan SA, Iliya AR, Washecka RM, D'Agostino JA, Wasnick RJ: Neurological erectile dysfunction secondary to intradural paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Urol Int 46: 119–120, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  43. Caccamo DV, Ho KL, Garcia JH: Cauda equina tumor with ependymal and paraganglionic differentiation. Hum Pathol 23: 835–838, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  44. Mylonas C: Case report: paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Clin Radiol 46: 139–141, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  45. Hardten DR, Wen DY, Wirtschafter JD, Sung JH, Erickson DL: Papilledema and intraspinal lumbar paraganglioma. J Clin Neuroophthalmol 12: 158–162, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  46. Orrell JM, Hales SA: Paragangliomas of the cauda equina have a distinctive cytokeratin immunophenotype. Histopathology 21: 479–481, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  47. Batra V, Trivedi C: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. J Assoc Physicians India 40: 755–757, 1992

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ugarte Elola AC, Hernandez i Vidal A, Viladot i Perice R, Royo i Salvador M, Pou i Serradell A: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Neurologia 8: 73–77, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  49. Araki Y, Ishida T, Ootani M, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto T, Tsukaguchi I, Nakamura H: MRI of paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Neuroradiology 35: 232–233, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  50. Levy RA: Paraganglioma of the filum terminale: MR findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 160: 851–852, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  51. Boukobza M, Foncin JF, Dowling-Carter D: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiology 35: 459–460, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  52. Singh RV, Yeh JS, Broome JC: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: a case report and review of the literature. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 95: 109–113, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  53. Aggarwal S, Deck JH, Kucharczyk W: Neuroendocrine tumor (Paraganglioma) of the cauda equina:MRand pathologic findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 14: 1003–1007, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  54. Toyota B, Barr HW, Ramsay D: Hemodynamic activity associated with a paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Case report. J Neurosurg 79: 451–455, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  55. Wesτ er DJ, Falcone S, Green BA, Camp A, Quencer RM: Paraganglioma of the filum: MR appearance. J Comput Assist Tomogr 17: 967–969, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  56. Pang LC, Tsao KC: Flow cytometric DNA analysis for the determination of malignant potential in adrenal and extraadrenal pheochromocytomas or paragangliomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 117: 1142–1147, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  57. Radhakrishnan VV, Saraswathy A, Rout D: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina region—a report of two cases with reviewof literature. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 37: 459–464, 1994

    Google Scholar 

  58. Steel TR, Botterill P, Sheehy JP: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina with associated syringomyelia: case report. Surg Neurol 42: 489–493, 1994 189

    Google Scholar 

  59. Berenguer J, Bargallo N, Sanchez M, Bravo E, Cardenal C, Mercader JM, Munoz J: Magnetic resonance imaging of paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Can Assoc Radiol J 46: 37–39, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  60. Castel JP, Cuny E, Boulan P, Vital C: Paragangliome de la queue de cheval. Aspects cliniques et IRM. A propos d'un cas. Neurochirurgie 41: 112–115, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  61. Strommer KN, Brandner S, Sarioglu AC, Sure U, Yonekawa Y: Symptomatic cerebellar metastasis and late local recurrence of a cauda equina paraganglioma. Case report. J Neurosurg 83: 166–169, 1995

    Google Scholar 

  62. Wolansky LJ, Stewart VA, Pramanik BK, Heary RF, Cho ES, Schulder M, Pak J: Giant paraganglioma of the cauda equina in adolescence: magnetic resonance imaging demonstration. J Neuroimaging 6: 54–56, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  63. Boncoeur-Martel MP, Lesort A, Moreau JJ, Labrousse F, Roche I, Bouillet P, Pascaud JL, Dupuy JP: MRI of paraganglioma of the filum terminale. J Comput Assist Tomogr 20: 162–165, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  64. Roche PH, Figarella-Branger D, Regis J, Peragut JC: Cauda equina paraganglioma with subsequent intracranial and intraspinal metastases. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 138: 475–479, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  65. Bak J, Olsson Y, Grimelius L, Spännare B: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. A case report and review of the literature. APMIS 104: 234–240, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  66. Bouraoui S, Kchir N, Haouet S, Zammel I, Chatti S, Khaldi M, Zitouna MM: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Apropos of a case with review of the literature. Arch Anat Cytol Pathol 45: 37–42, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  67. Straus C, Molcard S, Visot A, Epardeau B, le Parc JM: Chemodectoma of the cauda equina. Rev Rhum Engl Ed 64: 345–347, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  68. Moran CA, Rush W, Mena H: Primary spinal paragangliomas: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study of 30 cases. Histopathology 31: 167–173, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  69. Faro SH, Turtz AR, Koenigsberg RA, Mohamed FB, Chen CY, Stein H: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina with associated intramedullary cyst: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 18: 1588–1590, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  70. Lamer S, Carlier RY, Parker F, Lacroix C, Larue F, de Latour B, Vallee C: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: MR findings. One case. J Neuroradiol 24: 215–217, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  71. Rickert CH, Probst-Cousin S, Schumacher HW, Gullotta F: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Pathologe 18: 484–487, 1997

    Google Scholar 

  72. Chetty R, Pillay P, Jaichand V: Cytokeratin expression in adrenal phaeochromocytomas and extra-adrenal paragangliomas. J Clin Pathol 51: 477–478, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  73. Sharma A, Gaikwad SB, Goyal M, Mishra NK, Sharma MC: Calcified filum terminale paraganglioma causing superficial siderosis. AJR Am J Radiol 170: 1650–1652, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  74. Karpinski NC, Taylor WR, Hansen LA: Case of the month: January 1998—43 year old male with radicular pain. Brain Pathol 8: 585–586, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  75. Herman M, Pozzi-Mucelli RS, Skrap M: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: case report and review of the MRI features. Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc Fac Med 141: 27–30, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  76. Paleologos TS, Gouliamos AD, Kourousis DD, Papanicolaou P, Vlahos C, Kyriakou T: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. A case presenting features of increased intracranial pressure. J Spinal Disord 11: 362–365, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  77. Ashkenazi E, Onesti ST, Kader A, Llena JF: Paraganglioma of the filum terminale: case report and literature review. J Spinal Disord 11: 540–542, 1998

    Google Scholar 

  78. Aghakhani N, George B, Parker F: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina region — Report of two cases and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 141: 81–87, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  79. Haslbeck KM, Eberhardt KE, Nissen U, Tomandl BF, Stefan H, Neundörfer B, Erbguth F: Intracranial hypertension as a clinical manifestation of cauda equina paraganglioma. Neurology 52: 1297–1298, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  80. Lapierre F, Bataille B, Vandermarcq P, Goujon JM, Wager M, Page P: Tumeurs de la queue de cheval chez l'adulte. Neurochirurgie 45: 29–38, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  81. Abe H, Maeda M, Koshimoto Y, Baba H, Noriki S, Takeuchi H, Kubota T, Ishii Y: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina: MR findings. Radiat Med 17: 235–237, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  82. Liccardo G, Pastore FS, Sherkat S, Signoretti S, Cavazzana A, Fraioli B: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Case report with 33-month recurrence free followup and review of the literature. J Neurosurg Sci 43: 169–173, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  83. Labrousse F, Leboutet MJ, Petit B, Paraf F, Boncoeur-Martel MP, Moreau JJ, Gatanzano G: Cytokeratins expression in paragangliomas of the cauda equina. Clin Neuropathol 18: 208–213, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  84. Sundgren P, Annertz M, Englund E, Strömblad LG, Holtås Ś: Paragangliomas of the spinal canal. Neuroradiology 41: 788–794, 1999

    Google Scholar 

  85. Taira H, Takasita M, Yoshida S, Takita C, Tsumura H, Torisu T: MR appearance of paraganglioma of the cauda equina. Case reports. Acta Radiol 41: 27–30, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  86. Singh P, Singh AP, Rajaram T, Sabhikhi AK: Paraganglioma of cauda equina: a case report. Neurol India 48: 290–292, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  87. Ohnishi T: Paraganglioma of the filum terminale. Ryoikibetsu Shokogun Shirizu (28 Pt 3): 90–91, 2000

    Google Scholar 

  88. Cuesta-Mejias T, Revilla-Pacheco F, del Bosque-Patoni C, Ortiz-Hidalgo C: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina with papillary pattern and cytokeratin expression: 2 potential sources of diagnostic error. Report of a case and review of the literature. Gac Med Mex 137: 465–469, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  89. Park DH, Park YK, Oh JI, Kwon TH, Chung HS, Cho HD, Suh YL: Oncocytic paraganlioma of the cauda equina in a child. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg 36: 260–265, 2002

    Google Scholar 

  90. Glenner GG, Grimley PM: Atlas of Tumor Pathology. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington D.C., 1974, pp 13–86

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kliewer KE, Cochran AJ: A review of the histology, ultrastructure, immunohistology, and molecular biology of extra-adrenal paragangliomas. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113: 1209–1218, 1989 190

    Google Scholar 

  92. Pearse AG: The diffuse neuroendocrine system and the APUD concept: related ‘endocrine’ peptides in brain, intestine, pituitary, placenta and anuran cutaneous glands. Medic Biology 55: 115–125, 1977

    Google Scholar 

  93. Azzarelli B, Felten S, Muller J, Miyamoto R, Purvin V: Dopamine in paragangliomas of the glomus jugulare. Laryngoscope 98: 573–578, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  94. Dunn GD, Brown MJ, Sapsford RN, Mansfield AO, Hemingway AP, Sever PS, Allison DJ: Functioning middle mediastinal paraganglioma (phaeochromocytoma) associated with intercarotid paragangliomas. Lancet 10: 1061–1064, 1986

    Google Scholar 

  95. Dial P, Marks C, Bolton J: Current management of paragangliomas. Surg Gyn Obstet 155: 187–192, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  96. George B: Les tumeurs dites du glomus jugulaire. Neurochirurgie 31: 333–341, 1985

    Google Scholar 

  97. Masuoka J, Brandner S, Paulus W, Soffer D, Vital A, Chimelli L, Jouvet A, Yonekawa Y, Kleihues P, Ohgaki H: Germline SDHD mutation in paraganglioma of the spinal cord. Oncogene 20: 5084–5086, 2001

    Google Scholar 

  98. Khafagi F, Egerton-Vernon J, van Doorn T, Foster W, McPhee IB, Allison RW: Localization and treatment of familial malignant nonfunctional paraganglioma with iodine-131 MIBG: report of two cases. J Nucl Med 28: 528–531, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  99. Matishak MZ, Symon L, Cheeseman A, Pamphlett R: Catecholamine-secreting paragangliomas of the base of the skull. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 66: 604–608, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  100. Wiss DA: An unusual cause of sciatica and back pain: ependymoma of the cauda equina. Case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 64: 772–773, 1982

    Google Scholar 

  101. Wiesel SW, Ignatius P, Marvel JP, Rothman RH: Intradural neurofibroma simulating lumbar-disc disease. Report of six cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am 58: 1040–1042, 1976

    Google Scholar 

  102. Olsen WL, Dillon WP, Kelly WM, Norman D, Brant-Zawadzki M, Newton TH: MR imaging of paragangliomas. AJR Am J Roentgenol 148: 201–204, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  103. Herrera MF, van Heerden JA, Puga FJ, Hogan MJ, Carney JA: Mediastinal paraganglioma: a surgical experience. Ann Thorac Surg 56: 1096–1100, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  104. Nelson MD, Kendall BE: Intracranial catecholamine secreting paragangliomas. Neuroradiology 29: 277–282, 1987

    Google Scholar 

  105. Cushing H, Ayer JB: Xanthochromia and increased protein in the spinal fluid above tumors of the cauda equina. Arch Neurol Psychiat (Chic.) 10: 167–193, 1923

    Google Scholar 

  106. Ironside JW: Paraganglioma of the cauda equina. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 51: 740, 1988

    Google Scholar 

  107. Blades DA, Hardy RW, Cohen M: Cervical paraganglioma with subsequent intracranial and intraspinal metastases. J Neurosurg 75: 320–323, 1991

    Google Scholar 

  108. Moran CA, Suster S, Fishback N, Koss MN: Mediastinal paragangliomas. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 16 cases. Cancer 72: 2358–2364, 1993

    Google Scholar 

  109. Kliewer KE, Wen DR, Cancilla PA, Cochran AJ: Parangangliomas: assessment of prognosis by histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques. Hum Pathol 20: 29–39, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  110. Robertson DI, Cooney TP: Malignant carotid body paraganglioma: light and electron microscopic study of the tumor and its metastases. Cancer 46: 2623–2633, 1980

    Google Scholar 

  111. Fitzgerald LF, Cech DA, Goodman JC: Paraganglioma of the thoracic spinal cord. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 98: 183–185, 1996

    Google Scholar 

  112. Odze R, Bégin LR: Malignant paraganglioma of the posterior mediastinum. Cancer 65: 564–569, 1990

    Google Scholar 

  113. Constantini S, Soffer D, Siegel T, Shalit MN: Paraganglioma of the thoracic spinal cord with cerebrospinal fluid metastasis. Spine 14: 643–645, 1989

    Google Scholar 

  114. Linnoila RI, Lack EE, Steinberg SM, Keiser HR: Decreased expression of neuropeptides in malignant paragangliomas: an immunohistochemical study. Hum Pathol 19: 41–50, 1988

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neurosurgical Institute, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

    George C. Miliaras

  2. Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

    Athanassios P. Kyritsis

  3. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece

    Konstantinos S. Polyzoidis

Authors
  1. George C. Miliaras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Athanassios P. Kyritsis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Konstantinos S. Polyzoidis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Miliaras, G.C., Kyritsis, A.P. & Polyzoidis, K.S. Cauda Equina Paraganglioma: A Review. J Neurooncol 65, 177–190 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NEON.0000003753.27452.20

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:NEON.0000003753.27452.20

Search

Navigation