Abstract
Nano-sized TiO2 powders were synthesized by modified hydrolysis reaction using two-stage treatments of acid/base catalyst. Using an acidic catalyst, the primary particle size of assynthesized TiO2 was smaller than using basic catalyst, but rutile ratio and the particle size were increased after heat treatment due to the dense packing of particles. However, in the synthesized TiO2 powder using a basic catalyst persist the anatase phase and a loosely aggregation of particle after heat treatment. It was found that the catalyst used in the first stage determines the primary particle size. However the phase, the packing density and degree of dispersion of TiO2 powder were determined by the secondly applied catalyst. Therefore, the addition sequence of catalysts is the most important key to prepare fine powders for photocatalytic use and solar cell. In this study, an acid treatment followed by a base is suggested as best route to obtaining fine size and distribution of particles and high content of anatase phase.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
R.M. Roman and N.C. Martinez, Catalysis Today 40, 353 (1998).
D.S. Muggli, J.T. McCue, and J.L. Falconer, J. Catal. 173, 470 (1998).
U. Stafford, K.A. Gray, and P.V. Kamat, J. Catal. 167, 25 (1997).
R. Wang, K. Hashimoto, A. Fujishima, M. Cjikuni, E. Kojima, A. Kitamura, M. Shimohigoshi, and T. Watanabe, Nature 388, 431 (1997).
R. Wang, K. Hashimoto, A. Fujishima, M. Chikuni, A. Kitamura, M. Shimohigoshi, and T. Watanabe, Adv. Mat. 10(2), 135 (1998).
J. Yu and X. Zhao, Mater. Res. Bull. 36, 97 (2001).
L. Tinucci, E. Borfarello, C. Minero, and E. Pelizzetti, Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, 585 (1993).
V. Brezova, A. Stasko, M. Ceppan, M. Mikula, J. Blecha, M. Vesely, A. Blazkova, J. Panak, and L. Lapcik, Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air, 659 (1993).
H. Kawaguchi, Photocatalytic Purification and Treatment of Water and Air. 665 (1993).
J.C. D'Olivira, G. Al-Sayyed, and P. Pichat, Environ. Sci. Technol. 24, 990 (1990).
M.R. Prairle, L.R. Evans, B.M. Stange, and S.L. Marinez, Environ. Sci. Technol. 27, 1776 (1993).
A. Sclafani, L. Palmisano, and M. Schiavello, J. Phys. Chem. 94, 829 (1990).
K.E. Karakitsou and X.E. Verykios, J. Phys. Chem. 97, 1184 (1993).
H. Yamashita, Y. Ichihashi, M. Harada, G. Stewart, M.A. Fox, and M. Anpo, J. Catalysis 158, 97 (1996).
B. O'Regan and M. Gratzel, Nature 353, 737 (1991).
A. Hagfeldt and M. Gratzel, Acc. Chem. Res. 33, 269 (2000).
M.K. Nazeeruddin, A. Kay, I. Rodicio, R. Humphry-Baker, E. Muller, P. Liska, N. Vlachopoulos, and M. Gratzel, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115, 6382 (1993).
S. Vernury, S.E. Pratsinis, and L. Kibbey, J. Mater. Res. 12, 1031 (1997).
K.C. Song and S.E. Pratsinis, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 84, 92 (2001).
C.J. Barbe, F. Arendse, P. Comte, M. Jirousek, F. Lenzmann, V. Shklover, and M. Gratzel, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80, 3157 (1997).
D. Bersani, G. Antonioli, P.P. Lottici, and T. Lopez, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 232–234, 175 (1998).
S. Yamabi and H. Imai, Chem. Mater. 14, 609 (2002).
Y. Djaoued, S. Badilescu, P.V. Ashrit, D. Bersani, P.P. Lottici, and J. Robichaud, J. Sol-Gel. Sci. Technol. 24, 255 (2002).
Y. Djaoued, R. Taj, R. Bruning, S. Badilescu, P.V. Ashrit, G. Bader, and T. Vo-Van, J. Non-Cryst. Solids 297, 55 (2002).
D.C. Hague and M.J. Mayo, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 77, 1957 (1994).
H.J. Yoon, P.S. Ha, H.S. Jung, K.S. Hong, Y.H. Park, and K.H. Ko, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 211, 321 (1999).
C.J. Brinker and G.W. Scherer, Sol-Gel Science: The Physics and Chemistry of Sol-Gel Processing, Academic Press, Chap. 10.
C.J. Barbe, F. Arendse, P. Comte, M. Jirousek, F. Lenzmann, V. Shklover, and M. Gratzel, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 80(12), 3157 (1997).
A. Sclafani, L. Palmisano, and E. Davi, J. Photochem. Photobio. A: Chem. 56, 113 (1991).
H. Yoneyama, T. Torimoto, N. Iwata, and H. Kanemoto, Electrochem. Soc. Meeting Abstract, No. 580 (1998).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, Y.C., Jung, Y.J., Park, P.Y. et al. Preparation of TiO2 Powder by Modified Two-Stage Hydrolysis. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 30, 21–28 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JSST.0000028175.45673.8b
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JSST.0000028175.45673.8b