Abstract
Event-related potentials were recorded to substantiate the claim of a distinct psycholinguistic status of (a) pronouns vs. proper names and (b) ellipses vs. proper names. In two studies 41 students read sentences in which the number of intervening words between the anaphor and its antecedent was either small or large. Comparing the far with the near distance condition revealed anaphor resolution specific effects: Ellipses triggered a potential shift with a short latency (∼120–200 ms) and with a fronto-central scalp distribution while pronouns and proper names triggered one with a longer latency (∼360–440 ms) and a parietal to right-occipital distribution. The early effect resembled the left-anterior negativity which has been related to syntax processing, while the latter resembled an N400 which is assumed to reflect semantic integration processes. These findings support the idea that ellipses and pronouns/proper names are processed by distinct mechanisms being implemented in distinct cortical cell assemblies.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
Anderson, J.E., & Holcomb, P.J. (1995). Auditory and visual semantic priming using different stimulus onset asynchronies:An event-related brain potential study.Psychophysi-ology,32,177–190.
Bentin, S., McCarthy, G., & Wood, C.C. (1985). Event-related potentials,lexical decisions and semantic priming.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,60,343–355.
Besson, M., Kutas, M., & Van Petten, C. (1992). An event-related potential (ERP)analysis of semantic congruity and repetition effects in sentences.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,4 (2),132–149.
Chiarello, C. (1991). Interpretation of word meaning by the cerebral hemispheres:One is not enough.In H.A. Whitaker (Ed.),Contemporary Reviews in Neuropsychology (pp.59–69). New York: Springer-Verlag.
Clark, H.H., & Sengul, C.J. (1979). In search of referents for nouns and pronouns.Memory and Cognition,7,35–41.
Ehrlich, K., & Rayner, K. (1983). Pronoun assignment and semantic integration during reading:Eye-movements and immediacy of processing.Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior,22,75–87.
Fraurud, K. (1990). Definiteness and the processing of NPs in natural discourse.Journal of Semantics,7,395–434.
Friederici, A.D. (1995). The time course of syntactic activation during language processing: A model based on neuropsychological and neurophysiological data.Brain and Language, 50,259–281.
Garrod, S. (1994). Resolving pronouns and other anaphoric devices:The case for diversity in discourse processing.In C. Clifton, L. Frazier, & K. Rayner (Eds.),Perspectives on Sentence Processing (pp.339–357).Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,Inc.
Garrod, S., Freudenthal, D., & Boyle, E.A. (1994). The role of different types of anaphor in the online resolution of sentences in a discourse.Journal of Memory and Language,33, 39–68.
Gernsbacher, M.A. (1989). Mechanisms that improve referential access.Cognition,32,99–156.
Gernsbacher, M.A. (1990). Language Comprehension as Structure Building.Hillsdale,NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Green,S.T., McKoon, G., & Ratcliff, R. (1992). Pronoun resolution and discourse models. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning,Memory,and Cognition,18,266–283.
Hankamer, J., & Sag, I.A. (1976). Deep and surface anaphora.Linguistic Inquiry,7,391–426.
Hennighausen, E., Heil, M., & Rösler, F. (1993). A correction method for DC drift artifacts. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,86,199–204.
Hofmann, M. (1998). Sprachverstehensprozesse bei unvollständigen Satzstrukturen.In H. Lachnit & F. Rösler (Eds.),Experimentelle Psychologie (p.140).Lengerich: Papst.
Hudson, S.B., Tanenhaus, M.K., & Dell, G.A. (1986). Program of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp.96–101).Hillsdale,NJ: Erlbaum.
Huynh, H., & Feldt, L.S. (1976). Estimation of the box correction for degrees of freedom from sample data in randomized block and split-plot designs.Journal of Educational Statistics,1,69–82.
Karayanidis, F., Andrews, S., Ward, P., & McConaghy, N. (1991). Effects of inter-item lag on word repetition:An event-related potential study.Psychophysiology,28 (3),307–318.
King, J.W. & Kutas, M. (1995). Who did what and when?Using word-and clause-level ERPs to monitor working memory usage in reading.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,7 (3), 376–395.
Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension:A Paradigm for Cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kluender, R., & Kutas, M. (1993a). Bridging the gap:Evidence from ERPs on the processing of unbounded dependencies.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,5 (2),196–214.
Kluender, R., & Kutas, M. (1993b). Subjacency as a processing phenomenon.Language and Cognitive Processes,8,573–633.
Kutas, M. (1997). Views on how the electrical activity that the brain generates reflects the functions of different language structures.Psychophysiology,34,383–398.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S.A. (1980). Reading senseless sentences:Brain potentials reflect semantic incongruity.Science,207,203–205.
Kutas, M., & Hillyard, S.A. (1984). Brain potentials during reading reflect word expectancy and semantic association.Nature,307,161–163.
Kutas, M., & Van Petten, C.K. (1994). Psycholinguistics electri ed:Event-related brain potentials investigations.In M.A. Gernsbacher (Ed.),Handbook of Psycholinguistics (pp.83–143).San Diego: Academic Press.
Marslen-Wilson, W., & Tyler, L.K. (1980). The temporal structure of spoken language understanding.Cognition,8,1–71.
Mauner, G., Tanenhaus, M.K., & Carlson, G.N. (1995). A note on parallelism effects in processing deep and surface verb-phrase anaphora.Language and Cognitive Processes, 10 (1),1–12.
McCarthy, G., & Wood, C.C. (1985). Scalp distributions of event-related potentials:An ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models.Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology,62,203–208.
Murphy, G.L. (1985). Processes of understanding anaphora.Journal of Memory and Language,24,290–303.
Murphy, G.L. (1990). Interpretation of verb phrase anaphora:Influences of task and syntactic context.The Quaterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,42A,675–692.
Neville, H.J., Mills, D.L., & Lawson, D.S. (1992). Fractionating language:Different neural subsystems with different sensitive periods.Cerebral Cortex,2,235–253.
Niedeggen, M., & Rösler, F. (1999). N400-effects reflect activation spread during arithmetic fact retrieval.Psychological Science,10,271–276.
Nigam, A., Hoffman, J.E., & Simons, R.F. (1992). N400 to semantically anomalous pictures and words.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,4,16–22.
Osterhout, L., & Mobley, L.A. (1995). Event-related brain potentials elicited by failure to agree.Journal of Memory and Language,34,739–773.
Rösler, F., Friederici, A., Pütz, P., & Hahne, A. (1993). Event-related brain potentials while encountering semantic and syntactic constraint violations.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,5 (3),345–362
Rösler, F., Pechmann, T., Streb, J., Röder, B., & Hennighausen, E. (1998). Parsing of sentences in a language with varying word order:Word-by-word variations of processing demands are revealed by event-related brain potentials.Journal of Memory and Language,38,150–176.
Rugg, M.D. (1987). Dissociation of semantic priming,word and nonword repetiton by event-related potentials.Quaterly Journal of Experimental Psychology,39A,123–148.
Runchin, D.S., Johnson, R. Jr., & Friedman, D. (1999). Scaling is necessary when making comparisons between shapes of event-related potential topographies:A reply to Haig et al. Psychophysiology,36,332–334.
Sag, I., & Hankamer, J. (1984). Toward a theory of anaphoric processing.Linguistics and Philosophy,7,325–345.
Sanford, A.J., Garrod, S.C., Lucas, A., & Henderson, R. (1983). Pronouns without explicit antecedents?Journal of Semantics,2,303–318.
Silverstein, M. (1976). Hierarchy of features and ergativity.In R.M.W. Dixon (Ed.),Grammatical Categories in Australian Languages.(pp.112–171).New Jersey: Humanities Press.
Streb, J., Rösler, F., & Hennighausen, E. (1999). Event-related responses to pronoun and proper name anaphora in parallel and non-parallel discourse structures.Brain & Language,70 (2),273–286.
Tanenhaus, M.K., & Carlson, G.N. (1990). Comprehension of deep and surface verbphrase anaphors.Language and Cognitive Processes,5 (4),257–280.
Tanenhaus, M.K., Carlson, G.N., & Seidenberg, M.S. (1985). Do listeners compute linguistic representations?In D.R. Dowty, L. Karttunen & A.M. Zwicky (Eds.),Natural Language Parsing:Psychological,Computational,and Theoretical Perspectives (pp.359–408). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
van Berkum, J.J.A., Brown, C., & Hagoort, P. (1999). Early referential context effects in sentence processing:Evidence from event-related brain potentials.Journal of Memory and Language,41,147–182.
van Berkum, J., Hagoort, P., & Brown, C. (1999). Semantic integration in sentences and discourse:Evidence from the N400.Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience,11 (6),657–671.
Van Petten, C., & Kutas, M. (1991). Electrophysiological evidence for the flexibility of lexical processing.In G.B. Simpson (Ed.),Understanding Word and Sentence (pp.129–174). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Streb, J., Hennighausen, E. & Rösler, F. Different Anaphoric Expressions Are Investigated by Event-Related Brain Potentials. J Psycholinguist Res 33, 175–201 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPR.0000027961.12577.d8
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPR.0000027961.12577.d8