Skip to main content
Log in

The Relation of Psychotherapy Integration to the Established Systems of Psychotherapy

  • Published:
Journal of Psychotherapy Integration

Abstract

That individuals (and groups) have vested interests is part of the nature of the human condition and is captured in the cognitive theoretical concept “personal domain” (Beck, 1976, p. 56). Of relevance to psychotherapy integration (and consistent with this concept), there are some apparent philosophical differences between advocates of psychotherapy integration and those of the major systems of psychotherapy. In the same manner that the various schools of integrative and eclectic psychotherapy compete with one another (Lazarus & Messer, 1991, p. 144), so too do they contend with the established systems. In this article, we present several issues about which the systems of psychotherapy and the integration movement may differ, and we respond to criticisms of cognitive therapy that have been the focus of previous articles in this journal. Finally, we give examples of how those who research and apply the contemporary systems of psychotherapy can, within those systems, explore possibilities for psychotherapy integration. We conclude that there is probably much that the integration movement and the established systems of psychotherapy can offer each other.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Alford, B. A. (1997). Theories of psychotherapy versus integrative ideology: A reply to Castonguay and Goldfried. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 6, 97–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford, B. A., & Beck, A. T. (1997). The integrative power of cognitive therapy. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford, B. A., & Norcross, J. C. (1991). Cognitive therapy as integrative therapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 175–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alford, B. A., Beck, A. T., Freeman, A., & Wright, F. D. (1990). Brief focused cognitive therapy of panic disorder. Psychotherapy, 27, 230–234.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkowitz, H. (1991). Introductory statement: Psychotherapy integration comes of age. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arkowitz, H. (1992). Integrative theories of therapy. In D. K. Freedheim (Ed.), History of psychotherapy: A century of change (pp. 261–303). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1964). Thinking and depression: 2. Theory and therapy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 10, 561–571.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1987). Cognitive models of depression. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, 1, 5–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1989). Foreword. In J. Scott, J. M. G. Williams, & A. T. Beck (Eds.), Cognitive therapy in clinical practice: An illustrative casebook (pp. vii–xv). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1991a). Cognitive therapy as the integrative therapy: Comments on Alford and Norcross. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 191–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1991b). Cognitive therapy: A 30-year retrospective. American Psychologist, 46, 368–375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers in cognitive therapy: The state of the art and beyond (pp. 1–25). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Laude, R., & Bohnert, M. (1974). Ideational components of anxiety neurosis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 31, 319–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A. T., Sokol, L., Clark, D. A., Berchick, R., & Wright, F. (1992). A crossover study of focused cognitive therapy of panic disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 778–783.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castonguay, L. G., & Goldfried, M. R. (1994). Psychotherapy integration: An idea whose time has come. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 3, 159–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. A., Beck, A. T., & Alford, B. A. (forthcoming). Scientific foundations of cognitive therapy of depression. Manuscript in preparation.

  • Clark, D. M., Winton, E., & Thynn, L. (1993). A further investigation of thought suppression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 207–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloitre, M., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1991). Memory bias in panic disorder: An investigation of the cognitive avoidance hypothesis. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 15, 371–386.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloitre, M., Cancienne, J., Heimberg, R. G., Holt, C. S., & Liebowitz, M. R. (1995). Memory bias does not generalize across anxiety disorders. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 305–307.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coyne, J. C. (1994). Possible contributions of “cognitive science” to the integration of psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 4, 401–416.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crick, F. (1994). The astonishing hypothesis: The scientific search for the soul. New York: Scribners.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davison, G. C. (1994). Issues in psychotherapy as the practice of psychology. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 4, 39–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellis, A. (1965). An answer to some objections to rational-emotive psychotherapy. Psychotherapy, 2, 108–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Emmelkamp, P. M. G. (1994). Behavior therapy with adults. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 379–427). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. (1994). The outcome problem in psychotherapy: What have we learned? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 477–495.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, D. B., & Franks, C. M. (1992). Evolution and differentiation within behavior therapy: A theoretical and epistemological review. In D. K. Freedheim (Ed.), History of psychotherapy: A century of change (pp. 159–196). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Franks, C. M. (1984). A rejoinder to Leon Salzman. In H. Arkowitz, & S. B. Messer (Eds.), Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy: Is integration possible? (pp. 253–254). New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldfried, M. R. (1991). Research issues in psychotherapy integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 5–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenberg, L. S., Elliott, R. K., & Lietaer, G. (1994). Research on experiential psychotherapies. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 509–539). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haaga, D. A. F. (1986). A review of the common principles approach to integration of psychotherapies. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 10, 527–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C. (1998). The value of visiting foreign intellectual lands: The example of the cognitive-behavioral debate. The Behavior Therapist, 21, 139–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayes, S. C., & Hayes, L. J. (1992). Verbal relations and the evolution of behavior analysis. American Psychologist, 47, 1383–1395.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, W. P., Strupp, H. H., Schacht, T. E., & Gaston, L. (1994). Psychodynamic approaches. In A. E. Bergin, & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (4th ed., pp. 467–508). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollon, S. D., & Beck, A. T. (1994). Cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies. In A. E. Bergin & S. L. Garfield (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (pp. 428–466). New York: John Wiley & Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazdin, A. E. (1984). Integration of psychodynamic and behavioral psychotherapies: Conceptual versus empirical synthesis. In H. Arkowitz & S. B. Messer (Eds.), Psychoanalytic therapy and behavior therapy? Is integration possible? (pp. 139–170). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R. J., & Tsai, M. (1991). Functional analytic psychotherapy: Creating intense and curative therapeutic relationships. New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kohlenberg, R. J., & Tsai, M. (1994). Functional analytic psychotherapy: A radical behavioral approach to treatment and integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 4, 175–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A. (1995). Integration and clinical verisimilitude [Review of Comprehensive Handbook of Psychotherapy Integration.]. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 2, 399–402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarus, A. A., & Messer, S. B. (1991). Does chaos prevail? An exchange on technical eclecticism and assimilative integration. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 143–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leakey, R. (1994). The origin of humankind. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacKay, D. G. (1988). Under what conditions can theoretical psychology survive and prosper? Integrating the rational and empirical epistemologies. Psychological Review, 95, 559–565.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C. (1986). Eclectic psychotherapy: An introduction and overview. In J. C. Norcross (Ed.), Handbook of eclectic psychotherapy (pp. 3–24). New York: Brunner/Mazel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C. (1988). The exclusivity myth and the equifinality principle in psychotherapy. Journal of Integrative and Eclectic Psychotherapy, 7, 415–421.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norcross, J. C. (1990). Commentary: Eclecticism misrepresented and integration misunderstood. Psychotherapy, 27, 297–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (1994). Systems of psychotherapy: A transtheoretical approach. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reber, A. S. (1992). An evolutionary context for the cognitive unconscious. Philosophical Psychology, 5, 33–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Safran, J. D., & Greenberg, L. S. (1986). Hot cognition and psychotherapy process: An information-processing ecological approach. In P. C. Kendall (Ed.), Advances in cognitive-behavioral research and therapy (Vol. 5, pp. 143–177). New York: Plenum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salkovskis, P. M. & Campbell, P. (1994). Thought suppression induces intrusion in naturally occurring negative intrusive thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schacht, T. E. (1991). Cognitive therapy as integrative therapy: Still an open question. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 1, 199–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. (1989). Cancer patients. In J. Scott, J. M. G. Williams, & A. T. Beck (Eds.), Cognitive therapy in clinical practice: An illustrative casebook (pp. 103–126). London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sechrest, L. & Smith, B. (1994). Psychotherapy is the practice of psychology. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 4, 1–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, R. J. (1964). A note on rational-emotive psychotherapy: Some problems. Psychotherapy, 1, 151–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101, 34–52.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Alford, B.A., Beck, A.T. The Relation of Psychotherapy Integration to the Established Systems of Psychotherapy. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration 7, 275–289 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPI.0000010884.36432.0b

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOPI.0000010884.36432.0b

Navigation