Abstract
A convenient method to create vortices in meta-stable vortex-free superflow of 3He-B is to irradiate with thermal neutrons. The vortices are then formed in a rapid non-equilibrium process with distinctive characteristics. Two competing explanations have been worked out about this process. One is the Kibble-Zurek mechanism of defect formation in a quench-cooled second order phase transition. The second builds on the instability of the moving front between superfluid and normal 3He, which is created by the heating from the neutron absorption event. The most detailed measurements with single-vortex resolution have been performed at temperatures close to Tc. In the first half of this report we summarize the two models and then show that the experimentally observed vortices originate from the Kibble-Zurek mechanism.
In the second half we present new results from low temperatures. They also weakly support the Kibble-Zurek origin, but in addition display superfluid turbulence as a new phenomenon. Below 0.6 Tc the damping of vortex motion from the normal component is reduced sufficiently so that turbulent vortex dynamics become possible. Here a single absorbed neutron may transfer the sample from the meta-stable vertex-free to the equilibrium vortex state. The probability of a neutron to initiate a turbulent transition grows with increasing superflow velocity and decreasing temperature.
PACS numbers: 47.32, 67.40, 67.57, 98.80.
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Finne, A.P., Boldarev, S., Eltsov, V.B. et al. Vortex Formation in Neutron-Irradiated Rotating Superfluid 3He-B. Journal of Low Temperature Physics 135, 479–512 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOLT.0000029509.26016.a8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOLT.0000029509.26016.a8