Abstract
When superfluid 4He flows through a submicron aperture, the velocity is limited by a critical value which marks the onset of quantized vortex creation. The evolution of the vortices causes the quantum phase across the aperture to change by 2π, leading to a detectable drop in flow energy. Recent studies of these phase slip events have provided new insights into the nucleation mechanisms for quantum vortices. By contrast, superfluid 3He passing through a submicron aperture exhibits nonlinear hydrodynamics, characterized by a Josephson-like current phase relation. Recent experiments have revealed a multitude of effects analogous to phenomena observed in superconductors. The experiments also reveal unexpected effects such as bistability, π-states, and novel dissipation mechanisms.
PACS numbers: 67.57.-z, 74.50.+r, 67.40.Hf, 67.40. Vs.
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Packard, R.E. Phase Slips and Josephson Weak Links in Superfluid Helium. Journal of Low Temperature Physics 135, 471–478 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOLT.0000029508.81716.5c
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOLT.0000029508.81716.5c