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Semiochemistry of the Goldeneyed Lacewing Chrysopa oculata: Attraction of Males to a Male-Produced Pheromone

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Abstract

Gas chromatographic-electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) experiments showed that antennae of males and females of the goldeneyed lacewing, Chrysopa oculata Say (Co. = Chrysopa), consistently responded to four compounds extracted from the abdominal cuticle of males: nonanal, nonanol, nonanoic acid, and (1R*,2S*,5R*,8R*)-iridodial. These compounds were not detected from abdominal cuticle of females. Thoracic extracts of both sexes contained antennal-stimulatory 1-tridecene and EAD-inactive skatole. Chrysopa oculata adults were most sensitive to (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial standard at an EAD-response threshold between 0.1 and 1 pg, which was 10–100 times lower than thresholds for nonanal and nonanoic acid, and up to 10,000 times lower than thresholds for other compounds tested. A similar EAD response pattern was also found in another Chrysopa sp. (Co. quadripunctata Burmeister). In field-trapping experiments, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial was the only male-specific compound that attracted Co. oculata males. Males also were weakly attracted to (1R,4aS,7S,7aR)-nepetalactol (an aphid sex pheromone component), probably due to the 5% (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial present in the synthetic sample as an impurity. A herbivore-induced plant volatile, methyl salicylate, increased attraction of males to (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial, whereas 1-tridecene was antagonistic. No females were caught in the entire study. Scanning electron micrographs revealed numerous male-specific, elliptical epidermal glands on the 3rd–8th abdominal sternites of Co. oculata, which are likely the pheromone glands. Another lacewing species, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) (Cl. = Chrysoperla), did not produce male-specific volatiles or possess the type of gland presumed to produce pheromone in Co. oculata males, but (Z)-4-tridecene was identified as a major antennal-stimulatory compound from thoracic extracts of both sexes of Cl. rufilabris. Thus, (1R,2S,5R,8R)-iridodial (or its enantiomer) is now identified as a male-produced male aggregation pheromone for Co. oculata, the first pheromone identified for lacewings.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. USDA-ARS Chemicals Affecting Insect Behavior Laboratory, B-007, BARC-West Beltsville Maryland 20705, USA. Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park Maryland, 20742, USA

    Qing-He Zhang, Kamlesh R. Chauhan, Ajay R. Vellore & Jeffrey R. Aldrich

  2. USDA-ARS Electron Microscopy Unit, Soybean Genomics and, Improvement Laboratory, Bldg, 177-B, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

    Eric F. Erbe

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  1. Qing-He Zhang
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  2. Kamlesh R. Chauhan
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Zhang, QH., Chauhan, K.R., Erbe, E.F. et al. Semiochemistry of the Goldeneyed Lacewing Chrysopa oculata: Attraction of Males to a Male-Produced Pheromone. J Chem Ecol 30, 1849–1870 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOEC.0000042406.76705.ab

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