Abstract
Total sulfur deposition was determined above a Norway spruce forest, in Hungary. Two methods were applied, on one hand dry + wet deposition measurements and on the other, throughfall and stemflow deposition estimations have been carried out. Results show: total depositions are 3.3 and 3.2 g S m−2 yr−1 determined by dry + wet and throughfall deposition methods, respectively. The share of the dry deposition in the total S-load is 73%. The agreement between the results of the two different methods is good and suggests the needlessness of complicated dry + wet flux measurements, i.e. the total and dry deposition of sulfur compounds to forests can be determined by simple throughfall and wet deposition measurements.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Borrell, P., Builtjes, J. H., Grennfelt, P., and Høv, O. (eds.), 1997: Transport and chemical transforma-tion of pollutants in the troposphere, Photo-Oxidants, Acidification and Tools: Policy Applications of EUROTRAC Result s,Vol. 10, Springer, UK, p. 116.
EMEP, 1996: EMEP co-operative programme for monitoring and evaluation of the long-range transmission of air pollutants in Europe, EMEP Manual for sampling and chemical analysi s, EMEP/CCC-Report 1/95, NILU, Kjeller, Norway.
Ferm, M. and Hultberg, H., 1999: Dry deposition and internal circulation of nitrogen, sulphur and base cations into a coniferous forest, Atmos. Environ. 3 3, 4421–4430.
Horváth, L., 2003: Dry deposition velocity of PM2.5 ammonium sulfate particles to a Norway spruce forest on the basis of S-and N-balance estimations, Atmos. Environ. 3 7, 4419–4424.
Horváth, L., Weidinger, T., Nagy, Z., and Führer, E., 1997: Measurement of dry deposition velocity of ozone, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides above Pine forest and lowvegetation in different seasons by the gradient method, In: P. M. Borrell, P. Borrell, T. Cvitas, K. Kelly, and W. Seiler (eds.), Proceedings of EUROTRAC Symposium'96 Garmisch-Partenkirche n, Germany, 25-29 March 1996 Computational Mechanics Publications, Southampton, pp. 315–318.
Horváth, L., Nagy, Z., and Weidinger, T., 1998: Determination of the dry flux of ozone and sulfur dioxide during the TRACT campaign. Atmos. Environ. 3 2, 1317–1322.
Lopez, A., 1994: Biosphere atmosphere exchanges: Ozone and aerosol dry deposition velocities over apine forest, EUROTRAC Annual Report part 4, BIATEX, EUROTRAC ISS, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, p. 80.
Ruijgork, W., Nicholson, K. W., and Davidson, C. I., 1993: Dry deposition of particles: Models and methods for the quantification of atmospheric input to ecosystems, Nordiske Seminar og Arbejdsrapporter 199 3: 573. Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, pp. 145–161.
Weidinger, T., Pinto, J., and Horváth, L., 2000: Effects of uncertainties in universal functions, rough-ness length, and displacement height on the calculation of surface layer fluxes, Meteorologische Zeitschrift 9, 139–154.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kovács, E.A., Horváth, L. Determination of Sulfur Balance Between the Atmosphere and a Norway Spruce Forest Ecosystem: Comparison of Gradient Dry + Wet and Throughfall Deposition Measurements. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry 48, 235–240 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCH.0000044417.01498.75
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOCH.0000044417.01498.75