Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases and Coenzyme Q10 as a Potential Treatment

  • Published:
Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

There is substantial evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage may play a key role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disease. Evidence supporting this in both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases is continuing to accumulate. This review discusses the increasing evidence for a role of both mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in contributing to β-amyloid deposition in Alzheimer's disease. I also discuss the increasing evidence that Parkinson's disease is associated with abnormalities in the electron transport gene as well as oxidative damage. Lastly, I reviewed the potential efficacy of coenzyme Q as well as a number of other antioxidants in the treatment of both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

REFERENCES

  • Alam, Z. I., Daniel, S. E., Lees, A. J., Marsden, D. C., Jenner, P., and Halliwell, B. (1997). J. Neurochem. 69, 1326–1329.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anandatheerthavarada, H., Biswas, G., Robin, M.-A., and Avadhani, N. G. (2003). J. Cell Biol. 161,1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayer, R. E. (1992). Biochem. Cell Biol. 70, 390–403.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, M. F., Henshaw, R., Jenkins, B. G., Rosen, R., and Schulz, J. B. (1994). Ann. Neurol. 36, 882–888.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beal, M. F., and Matthews, R. T. (1997). Mol. Asp. Med. 18, s169–s179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Betarbet, R., Sherer, T. B., MacKenzie, G., Garcia-Osuna, M., Panov, A. V., and Greenamyre, J. T. (2000). Nat. Neurosci. 3, 1301–1306.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bindoff, L. A., Birch-Martin, M., Cartlidge, N. E. F., Parker, W. D., and Turbull, D. M. (1989). Lancet 1, 49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borchelt, D. R., Thinakaran, G., Eckman, C. B., Lee, M. K., Davenport, F., Ratovitsky, T., Prada, C. M., Kim, G., Seekins, S., Yager, D., Slunt, H. H., Wang, R., Seeger, M., Levey, A. I., Gandy, S. E., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A., Price, D. L., Younkin, S. G., and Sisodia, S. S. (1996). Neuron 17, 1005–1013

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bozner, P., Grishko, V., LeDoux, S. P., Wilson, G. L., Chyan, Y.-C., and Pappolla, M. A. (1997). J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 56, 1356–1362.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busciglio, J., Pelsman, A., Wong, C., Pigino, G., Yuan, M., Mori, H., and Yankner, B. A. (2002). Neuron 33, 677–688.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Busciglio, J., and Yankner, B. A. (1995). Nature 378, 776–779.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casley, C. S., Canevari, L. Land, M. J., Clark, J. B., and Sharpe, M. A. (2002). J. Neurochem. 80,91–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Castano, E. M., Prelli, F., Wisniewski, T., Golabek, A Kumar, R. A., Soto, C., and Frangione, B. (1995). Biochem. J. 306, 599–604.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chartier-Harlin, M. C., Crawford, F., Houlden, H., Warren, A., Hughes, D., Fidani, L., Goate, A., Rossor, M., Roques, P., Hardy J., et al. (1991). Nature 353, 844–846.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chishti, M. A., Yang, D. S., Janus, C., Phinney, A. L., Horne, P., Pearson, J., Strome, R., Zuker, N., Loukides, J., French, J., Turner, S., Lozza, G., Grilli, M., Kunicki, S., Morissette, C., Paquette, J., Gervais, F., Bergeron, C., Fraser, P. E., Carlson, G. A., George-Hyslop, P. S., and Westaway, D. (2001). J. Biol. Chem. 276, 21562–21570.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dallner, G., and Sindelar, P. J. (2000). Free Radic. Biol. Med. 29, 285–294.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De Strooper, B., Saftig, P., Craessaerts, K., Vanderstischle, H., Guhde, G., Annaert, W., Von Figura, K., and Van Leuven, F. (1998). Nature 391, 387–390

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D. T., Carter, C. J., Wells, F. R., Javoy-Agid, F., Agid, Y., Lees, A., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D. (1989). J. Neurochem. 52, 381–389.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D. T., Holly, A. E., Flitter, W. D., Slater, T. F., Wells, F. R., Daniel, S. E., Lees, A. J., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D. (1994). Mov. Disorder. 9,92–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dexter, D. T., Sian, J., Rose, S., Hindmarsch, J. G., Mann, V. M., Cooper, J. M., Wells, F. R., Daniel, S. E., Lees, A. J., Schapira, A. H. V., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D. (1994). Ann. Neurol. 35,38–44.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J., Link, C. D., and Butterfield, D. A. (2003). Neurobiol. Aging 24, 415–420.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duff, K., Eckman, C., Zehr, C., Yu, X., Prada, C. M., Perez-tur, J., Hutton, M., Buee, L., Harigaya, Y., Yager, D., Morgan, D., Gordon, M. N., Holcomb, L., Refolo, L., Zenk, B., Hardy, J., and Younkin, S. (1996). Nature 383, 710–713.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Echtay, K. S., Roussel, D., St-Pierre, J., Jekabsons, M. B., Cadenas, S., Stuart, J. A., Harper, J. A., Roebuck, S. J., Morrison, A., Pickering, S., Clapham, J. C., and Brand, M. D. (2002). Nature 415,96–99.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Echtay, K. S., Winkler, E., and Klingenberg, M. (2000). Nature 408, 609–613.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Favit, A., Nicoletti, F., Scapagnini, U., and Canonico, P. L. (1992). J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 12, 638.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigin, A., Kieburtz, K., Como, P., Hickey, C., Claude, K., Abwendere, D., Zimmerman, C., Steinberg, K., and Shoulson, I. (1996). Mov. Dis. 11, 321–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante, R. J., Andreassen, O. A., Dedeoglu, A., Ferrante, K. L., Jenkins, B. G., Hersch, S. M., and Beal, M. F. (2002). J. Neurosci. 22, 1592–1599.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gabuzda, D., Busciglio, J., Chen, L. B., Matsudaira, P., and Yankner, B. A. (1994). J. Biol. Chem. 269, 13623–13628.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Giasson, B. I., Duda, J. E., Murray, I. V. J., Chen, Q., Souza, J. M., Hurtig, H. I., Ischiropoulos, H., Trojanowski, J. Q., and Lee, V. M.-Y. (2000). Sci. Mag. 290, 985–989.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, G. E., Zhang, H., Sheu, K. F.-R., Bogdanovich, N., Lindsay, J. G., Lannfelt, L., Vestling, M., and Cowburn, R. F. (1998). Ann. Neurol. 44, 671–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Good, P. F., Hsu, A., Werner, P., Perl, D. P., and Olanow, C. W. (1998). J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57, 338–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, M., Cooper, J. M., Taanman, J. W., and Schapira, A. H. V. (1998). Ann. Neurol. 44, 177–186.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gu, G., Reyes, P. F., Golden, G. T., Woltjer, R. L., Hulette, C., Montine, T. J., and Zharg, J. (2002). J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 61, 634–639.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hattori, N., Tanaka, M., Ozawa, T., and Mizuno, Y. (1991). Ann. Neurol. 30, 563–571.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hausse, B. O., Aggoun, Y., Bonnet, D., Sidi, D., Munnich, A., Rotig, A., and Rustin, P. (2002). Heart 87, 346.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hirai, K., Aliev, G., Nunomura, A., Fujioka, H., Russell, R. L., Atwood, C. S., Johnson, A. B., Kress, Y., Vinters, H. V., Tabaton, M., Shimohama, S., Cash, A. D., Siedlak, S. L., Harris, P. L., Jones, P. K., Petersen, R. B., Perry, G., and Smith, M. A. (2001). J. Neurosci. 21, 3017–3023.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, T. L., Diano, S., Leranth, C., Garcia-Segura, L. M., Cowley, M. A., Shanabrough, M., Elsworth, J. D., Sotonyi, P., Roth, R. H., Dietrich, E. H., Matthews, R. T., Barnstable, C. J., and Edmond, D. E., Jr. (2003). Endocrinology 144, 2757–2760.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao, K., Chapman, P., Nilsen, S., Eckman, C., Harigaya, Y., Younkin, S., Yang, F., and Cole, G. (1996). Science 274,99–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Janetzky, B., Hauck, S., Youdim, M. B., Riederer, P., Jellinger, K., Pantucek, F., Zochling, R., Boissl, K. W., Reichmann, H. (1994). Neurosci. Lett. 169, 126–128.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jenner, P. (2003). Ann. Neurol. 53, S26–S28.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanamori, T., Nishimaki, K., Asoh, S., Ishibashi, Y., Takata, I., Kuwabara, T., Taira, K., Yamaguchi, H., Sugihara, S., Yamazaki, T., Ihara, Y., Nakano, K., Matuda, S., and Ohta, S. (2003). EMBO J. 22, 2913–2923.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaneko, I., Yamada, N., Sakuraba, Y., Kamenosono, M., and Tutumi, S. (1995). J. Neurochem. 65, 2585–2593.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, J., Lemaire, H. G., Unterbeck, A., Salbaum, J. M., Masters, C. L., Grzeschik, K. H., Multhaup, G., Beyreuther, K., and Muller-Hill, B. (1987). Nature 325, 733–736

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kikuchi, A., Takeda, A., Onodera, H., Kimpara, T., Hisanaga, K., Sato, N., Nunomura, A., Castellani, R. J., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., and Itoyama, Y. (2002). Neurobiol. Dis. 9, 244–248.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kingsbury, A. E., Cooper, M., Schapira, A. H. V., Foster, O. J. F. (2001). Ann. Neurol. 50, 142–149.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Korozhetz, W. J., Jenkins, B. G., Rosen, B. R., and Beal, M. F. (1997). Ann. Neurol. 41, 160–165.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bars, P. L., Katz, M. M., Berman, N., Itil, T. M., Freedman, A. M., and Schatzberg, A. F. (1997). JAMA 278, 1327–1332.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim, G. P., Chu, T., Yang, F., Beech, W., Frautschy, S. A., and Cole, G. M. (2001). J. Neurosci. 21, 8370–8377.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lodi, B., Hart, P. E., Rajagopalan, B., Taylor, D. J., Crilley, J. G., Bradley, J. L., Blamire, A. M., Manners, D., Styles, P., Schapira, A. H., and Cooper, J. M. (2001). Ann. Neurol. 49, 590–596.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, V. M., Cooper, J. M., Krige, D., Daniel, S. E., Schapira, A. H., Marsden, C. D. (1992). Brain 115, 333–342.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masliah, E., Sisk, A., Mallory, M., Mucke, L., Schenk, D., and Games, D. (1996). J. Neurosci. 16, 5759–5811.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, R. T., Yang, S., Browne, S., Baik, M., and Beal, M. F. (1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95, 8892–8897

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mattiasson, G., Shamloo, M., Gido, G., Mathi, K., Tomasevic, G., Yi, S., Warden, C. H., Castilho, R. F., Melcher, T., Gonzalez-Zulueta, M., Nikolich, K., and Wieloch, T. (2003). Nat. Med. 9, 1062–1068.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara, E., Bryant-Thomas, T., Pacheco Quinto, J., Henry, T. L., Poeggeler, B., Herbert, D., Cruz-Sanchez, F., Chyan, Y. J., Smith, M. A., Perry, G., Shoji, M., Abe, K., Leone, A., Grundke-Ikbal, I., Wilson, G. L., Ghiso, J., Williams, C., Refolo, L. M., and Pappolla, M. A. (2003). J. Neurochem. 85, 1101–1108.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Migliore, L., Petrozzi, L., Lucetti, C., Gambaccini, G., Bernadini, S., Scarpato, R., Trippi, F., Barale, R., Frenzilli, G., Rodilla, V., and Bonuccelli, U. (2002). Neurology 58, 1809–1815.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullan, M., Crawford, F., Axelman, K., Houlden, H., Lilius, L., Winbald, B., and Lannfelt, L. (1992). Nat. Genet. 1, 345–347.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noack, H., Kube, U., and Augustin, W. (1994). Free Radic. Res. 20, 375–386.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunomura, A., Perry, G., Aliev, G., Hirai, K., Takeda, A., Balraj, E. K., Jones, P. K., Ghanbari, H., Wataya, T., Shimohama, S., Chiba, S., Atwood, C. S., Petersen, R. B., and Smith, M. A. (2001). J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 60, 759–767.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunomura, A., Perry, G., Pappolla, M. A., Friedland, R. P., Hirai, K., Chiba, S., and Smith, M. A. (2000). J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 59, 1011–1017.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oddo, S., Caccamo, A., Shepherd, J. D., Murphy, M. P., Golde, T. E., Kayed, R., Metherate, R., Mattson, M. P., Akbari, Y., and LaFerla, F. M. (2003). Neuron 39, 409–421.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ohyagi, Y., Yamada, T., Nishioka, K., Clarke, N. J., Tomlinson, A. J., Naylor, S., Nakabeppu, Y., Kira, J., and Younkin, S. G. (2000). Neuroreport 11, 167–171.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oken, B. S., Storzbach, D. M., and Kaye, J. A. (1998). Arch. Neurol. 55, 1409–1415.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. I., and Shaw, C. M. (1969). Brain 92, 147–156.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ostrowski, R. P. (2000). Brain Res. Bull. 53, 399–407.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pappolla, M. A., Chyan, Y.-J., Omar, R. A., Hsiao, K., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., and Bozner, P. (1998). Am. J. Pathol. 152, 871–877.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papucci, L., Schiavone, N., Witort, E., Donnini, M., Lapucci, A., Tempestini, A., Formigli, L., Zecchi-Orlandini, S., Orlandini, G., Carella, G., Brancato, R., and Capaccioli, S. (2003). J. Biol. Chem. 278, 28220–28228.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Paxinou, E., Chen, Q., Weisse, M., Giasson, B. I., Norris, E. H., Rueter, S. M., Trojanowski, J. G., Lee, V. M.-Y., and Ischiropoulos, H. (2001). J. Neurosci. 21, 8053–8061.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, T. L., Godin, D. V., and Hansen, S. (1982). Neurosci. Lett. 33, 305–310.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, T. L., and Yong, V. W. (1986). Neurosci. Lett. 67, 269–274.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pratico, D., Uryu, K., Leight, S., Trojanoswki, J. Q., and Lee, V. M. (2001). J. Neurosci. 21, 4183–4187

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rana, M., de Coo, I., Diaz, F., Smeets, H., and Moraes, C. T. (2000). Ann. Neurol. 48, 774–781.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Richter, G., Sonneschein, A., Grunewald, T., Reichmann, H., and Janetzky, B. (2002). J. Neural. Transm. 109, 721–729.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riederer, P., Park, J.-W., and Ames, B. (1989). J. Neruochem. 52, 515–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rustin, P., von Kleist-Retzow, J. C., Chantrel-Groussard, K., Sidi, D., Munnich, A., and Rotig, A. (1999). Lancet 354, 477–479.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Ramos, J. R., Overvik, E., and Ames, B. N. (1994). Neurode-generation 3, 197–204.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sano, M., Ernesto, C., Thomas, R. G., Klauber, M. R., Schafer, K., Grundman, M., Woodbury, P., Growdon, J., Cotman, C. W., Pfeiffer, E., Schneider, L. S., and Thal, L. J. (1997). The Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study, N. Engl. J. Med. 336, 1216–1222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schapira, A. H. V., Cooper, J. M., Dexter, D., Clark, J. B., Jenner, P., and Marsden, C. D. (1990). J. Neurochem. 54, 823–827.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scherer, T. B., Betarbet, R., Stout, A. K., Lund, S., Baptista, M., Panov, A. V., Cookson, M. R., Greenamyre, J. T. (2002). J. Neurosci. 22, 7006–7015.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shearman, M. S., Ragan, C. I., and Iversen, L. L. (1994). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 91, 1470–1474.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan, J. P., Swerdlow, R. H., Parker, W. D., Miller, S. W., Davis, R. E., and Tuttle, J. B. (1997). J. Neurochem. 68, 1221–1233.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shergill, J. K., Cammack, R., Cooper, C. E., Cooper, J. M., Mann, V. M., and Schapira, A. H. V. (1996). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 228, 298–305.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheu, R.-K., F., Cooper, A. J., Koike, K., Koike, M., Lindsay, J. G., and Blass, J. P. (1994). Ann. Neurol. 35, 312–318.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shults, C. W., Oakes, D., Kieburtz, K., Beal, M. F., Haas, R., Plumb, S., Juncos, J. L., Nutt, J., Shoulson, I., Carter, J., Kompoliti, K., Perlmutter, J. S., Reich, S., Stern, M., Watts, R. L., Kurlan, R., Molho, E., Harrison, M., and Lew, M. (2002). Parkinson Study Group. Arch. Neurol. 59, 1541–1550.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, D. K., Mayeux, R., Marder, K., Kowall, N. W., Beal, M. F., and Johns, D. R. (2000). Neurology 54, 703–709.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, D. K., Pulst, S. M., Sutton, J. P., Browne, S. E., Beal, M. F., and Johns, D. R. (1999). Neurology 53, 1787–1793.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M. A., Hirai, K., Hsiao, K., Pappolla, M. A., Harris, P. L. R., Siedlak, S. L., Tabaton, M., and Perry, G. (1998). J. Neurochem. 70, 2212–2215.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Soficm, E., Lange, K. W., Jellinger, K., and Reiderer, P. (1992). Neurosci. Lett. 142, 128–130.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strittmatter, W. J., Weisgraber, K. H., Huang, D. Y., Dong, L. M., Salvesen, G. S., Pericak-Vance, M., Schmechel, D., Saunders, A. M., Goldgaber, D., and Roses, A. D. (1993). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 8098–8102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sturchler-Pierrat, C., Abramowski, D., Duke, M. W., Mistl, K.-H. C., Rothacher, S., Ledermann, B., Burki, K., Frey, P., Pagnetti, P. A., Waridel, C., Calhoun, M. E., Jucker, M., Probst, A., Staufenbiel, M., and Sommer, B. (1997). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94, 13287–13292

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, P. G., Dube, C., Dorenbos, K., Steward, O., and Baram, T. Z. (2003). Ann. Neurol. 53, 711–717.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdlow, R. H., Parks, J. K., Miller, S. W., Tuttle, J. B., Trimmer, P. A., Shehan, J. P., Bennett, J. P., Jr., Davis, R. E., and Parker, W. D., Jr. (1996). Ann. Neurol. 40, 663–671.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tamagno, E., Bardini, P., Obbili, A., Vitali, A., Borghi, R., Zaccheo, D., Pronzato, M. A., Danni, O., Smith, M. A., Perry, G., and Tabaton, M. (2002). Neurobio. Dis. 10, 279–288.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Huntington Study Group. (2001). Neurology 57, 397–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Thyagarajan, D., Bressman, S., Bruno, C., Przedborski, S., Shanske, S., Lynch, T., Fahn, S., and DiMauro, S. (2000). Ann. Neurol. 48, 730–736.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Walt, J. M., Nicodemus, K. K., Martin, E. R., Scott, W. K., Nance, M. A., Watts, R. L., Hubble, J. P., Haines, J. L., Koller, W. C., Lyons, K., Pahwa, R., Stern, M. B., Colcher, A., Hiner, B. C., Jankovic, J., Ondo, W. G., Allen, F. H., Goetz, C. G., Small, G. W., Mastaglia, F., Stajich, J. M., McLaurin, A. C., Middleton, L. T., Scott, B. L., Schmechel, D. E., Pericak-Vance, M. A., and Vance, J. M. (2003). Am. J. Hum. Genet. 72, 804–811.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, M. D., Van Remmen, H., Conrad, C. C., Huang, T. T., Epstein, C. J., and Richardson, A. (1998). J. Biol. Chem. 273, 28510–28515.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wisniewski, T., Dowjat, W. K., Permanne, B., Palha, J., Kumar, A., Gallo, G., and Frangione, B. (1997). Am. J. Pathol. 15, 601–610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe, M. S., Xia, W., Ostaszewski, B. L., Diehl, T. S., Kimberly, W. T., and Selkoe, D. J. (1999). Nature 398, 513–517.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, J., Perry, G., Smith, M. A., Robertson, D., Olson, S. J., Graham, D. G., and Montine, T. J. (1999). Am. J. Pathol. 154, 1423–1429.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 525 East 68th Street, New York, New York 10021

    M. Flint Beal

Authors
  1. M. Flint Beal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beal, M.F. Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Oxidative Damage in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases and Coenzyme Q10 as a Potential Treatment. J Bioenerg Biomembr 36, 381–386 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBB.0000041772.74810.92

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBB.0000041772.74810.92

Search

Navigation