Abstract
The relationship of primary and secondary psychopathic dispositions as measured by the Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy (LSRP) Scales to NEO-PI-R domain and facet scales of the Five Factor Model (FFM) was examined in a sample (N = 463) of young adults. Previous investigations were extended by (1) addressing the relationship of higher- (i.e., domain) and lower-order (i.e., facet) FFM traits to primary and secondary psychopathy in noninstitutionalized persons, in an attempt to validate hypotheses by T. A. Widiger and D. R. Lynam (1998); (2) examining sex differences in FFM traits in relation to these two psychopathic dispositions; and (3) lending further evidence for the validity of the LSRP. LSRP primary psychopathy was marked by low Agreeableness whereas LSRP secondary psychopathy was characterized by high Neuroticism, low Agreeableness, and low Conscientiousness. Although few sex differences were found between primary and secondary psychopathy, findings support the use of NEO-PI-R domain and facet scales in the identification of personality disorder.
Similar content being viewed by others
REFERENCES
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(4th ed.) Washington, DC: Author.
Blackburn, R. (1975). An empirical classification of psychopathic per-sonality. British iJournal of Psychiatry, 127,456–460.
Blais, M. A. (1997). Clinician ratings of the five-factor model of per-sonality and the DSM-IV personality disorders. Jiournal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185,388–393.
Brinkley, C. A., Schmitt, W. A., Smith, S. S., & Newman, J. P. (2001). Construct validation of a self-report psychopathy scale: Does Levenson's self-report psychopathy scale measure the same con-structs as Hare's psychopathy checklist-revised? Persoinality and Individual Differences, 31,1021–1038.
Butcher, J. N., Dahlstrom, W. G., Graham, J. R., Tellegen, A., & Kaemmer, B. (1989). Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2): Manual for administration and scoring. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Butcher, J. N., Graham, J. R., & Ben-Porath, Y. S. (1995). Methodologi-cal problems and issues in MMPI, MMPI-2, and MMPI-A research. Psychiological Assessment, 7,320–329.
Chesney-Lind, M., & Shelden, R. G. (1992). Girls, Delinquency, and Juvenile Justice. Pacific Grove, CA: Brook/Cole.
Cleckley, H. (1976). The mask of sanity(5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Cooke, D. J. (1995). Psychopathic disturbance in the Scottish prison pop-ulation: The cross-cultural generalizability of the Hare Psychopathy Checklist. Psycholoigy, Crime and Law, 2,101–108.
Cooke, D. J., & Michie, C. (2001). Refining the construct of psychopathy: Towards a hierarchical model. Psycholoigical Assessment, 13,171–188.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1990). Personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality. Journal iof Personality Disorders, 4 ,362–371.
Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R) professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psycho-logical Assessment Resources.
Costa, P. T., & Widiger, T. A. (1994). Personality disorders and the five factor model of personality. Washington, DC: American Psycho-logical Association.
Digman, J. M., & Takemoto-Chock, N. (1981). Factors in the natural language of personality: Reanalysis, comparison, and interpretation of six major studies. Multivariiate Behavioral Research, 16,149–170.
Dyce, J. A. (1997). The big five factors of personality and their rela-tionship to personality disorders. Journal iof Clinical Psychology, 53(6), 587–593.
Eysenck, H. J. (1994). The biology of morality. In B. Puka (Ed.), Defin-inig perspectives in moral development. Moral development: A com-pendium (Vol. 1, pp. 212–229). New York: Garland Publishing.
Forth, A. E., Brown, S. L., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1996). The assess-ment of psychopathy in male and female noncriminals: Reliability and validity. Personaliity and Individual Differences, 20,531–543.
Fowles, D. C. (1988). Psychophysiology and psychopathology: A moti-vational approach. Psychophiysiology, 25,373–391.
Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big Five factor structure. Journal iof Personality and Social Psy-chology, 59,1216–1229.
Gray, J. A. (1987). Perspectives on anxiety and impulsivity: A commen-tary. Journal iof Research in Personality, 21,493–509.
Gudjonsson, G. H., & Roberts, J. C. (1983). Guilt and self-concept in secondary psychopaths. Personaliity and Individual Differences, 4 ,65–70.
Hare, R. D. (1985). The Psychopathy Checklist. Unpublished manuscript, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
Hare, R. D. (1991). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D., & Hart, S. D. (1995). Commentary on antisocial personality disorder: The DSM-IV field trail. In W. J. Livesley (Ed.), The DSM-iIV Personality Disorders (pp. 127–134). New York: Guilford.
Hare, R. D., Hart, S. D., & Harpur, T. J. (1991). Psychopathy and the pro-posed DSM-IV criteria for antisocial personality disorder. Journal iof Abnormal Psychology, 100,391–398.
Hare, R. D., & McPherson, L. M. (1984). Violent and aggressive be-havior by criminal psychopaths. Internatiional Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 7,35–50.
Hare, R. D., McPherson, L. M., & Forth, A. E. (1988). Male psychopaths and their criminal careers. Journal iof Consulting and Clinical Psy-chology, 56,710–714.
Harpur, T. J., Hakstian, A. R., & Hare, R. D. (1988). Factor structure of the Psychopathy Checklist. Journal iof Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56,741–747.
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R. (1989). Two-factor con-ceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psycholoigical Assessment, 1 ,6–17.
Harpur, T. J., Hart, S. D., & Hare, R. D. (1994). Personality of the psychopath. In P. T. Costa & T. A. Widiger (Eds.), Personaliity disorders and the five-factor model of personality (pp. 149–173). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Hays, W. L. (1988). Statistics (4th ed.). Orlando, FL: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Hobson, J., & Shine, J. (1998). Measurement of psychopathy in a UK prison population referred for long-term psychotherapy. British iJournal of Criminology, 38,504–515.
Karpman, B. (1941). On the need for separating psychopathy into two distinct clinical types: Symptomatic and idiopathic. Journal iof Criminology and Psychopathology, 3,112–137.
Levenson, M. R., Kiehl, K. A., & Fitzpatrick, C. M. (1995). Assessing psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population. Jour-nali of Personality and Social Psychology, 68,151–158.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (1994). Conceptual problems in the assessment of psy-chopathy. Clinicali Psychology Review, 14,17–38.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Development and preliminary validation of a self-report measure of psychopathic personality traits in noncriminal populations. Journal iof Personality Assessment, 66,488–524.
Lilienfeld, S. O., Hess, T., & Rowland, C. (1996). Psychopathic per-sonality traits and temporal perspective: A test of the short-term horizon hypothesis. Journal iof Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 18,285–314.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (1998). Methodological advances and developments in the assessment of psychopathy. Behaviouir Research and Therapy, 36,99–125.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Hess, T. H. (2001). Psychopathic personality traits and somatization: Sex differences and the mediating role of negative emotionality. Journal iof Psychopathology and Behavioral Assess-ment, 23,11–24.
Lilienfeld, S. O., Van Valkenburg, C., Larntz, K., & Akiskal, H. S. (1996). The relationship of histrionic personality disorder to antisocial per-sonality and somatization disorders. Americani Journal of Psychia-try, 143,718–722.
Lykken, D. T. (1995). The antisocial personalities. Hillsdale, NJ: Earlbaum.
Lynam, D. R., Whiteside, S., & Jones, S. (1999). Self-reported psy-chopathy: A validation study. Journal iof Personality Assessment, 73,110–132.
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Widiger, T. A., & Leukefeld, C. (2001).Personality disorders as extreme variants of common personality dimensions: Can the five-factor model adequately represent psy-chopathy?Journal iof Personality, 69,253–276.
Mulder, R. T., Wells, J. E., Joyce, P. R., & Bushnell, J. A. (1994). Anti-social women. Journal iof Personality Disorders, 8,279–287.
Neary, A. (1990). DSM-III and Psychopathy Checklist assessment of an-tisocial personality disorder in Black and White female felons. Un-published doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri, St. Louis.
Nichols, S., & Newman, J. P. (1986). Effects of punishment on response latency in extraverts. Journal iof Personality and Social Psychology, 50,624–630.
Pollock, P. H. (1999). When the killer suffers: Post-traumatic stress re-actions following homicide. Legal anid Criminological Psychology, 4,185–202.
Reynolds, S. K., & Clark, L. A. (2001). Predicting dimensions of per-sonality disorder from domains and facets of the five-factor model. Journal iof Personality, 69,199–222.
Ross, S. R., Lutz, C. J., & Bailley, S. E. (2002). Positive and negative symptoms of schizotypy in the Five Factor Model: A domain and facet level analysis. Journal iof Personality Assessment, 79,53–72.
Ross, S. R., & Rausch, M. K. (2001). Psychopathic attributes and achievement dispositions in a college sample. Personaliity and In-dividual Differences, 30,471–480.
Rutherford, M. J., Cacciola, J. S., Alterman, A. I., & McKay, J. R. (1996). Reliability and validity of the revised Psychopathy Checklist in women methadone patients. Assessmeint, 3,145–156.
Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., & Sewell, K. W. (1997). Construct validity of psychopathy in a female offender sample: Amultitrait-multimethod evaluation. Journal iof Abnormal Psychology, 106,576–585.
Schmitt, W. A., & Newman, J. P. (1999). Are all psychopathic individuals low-anxious? Journal iof Abnormal Psychology, 108,353–358.
Silverthorn, P., & Frick, P. J. (1999). Developmental pathways to anti-social behavior: The delayed-onset pathway in girls. Developmient and Psychopathology, 11,101–126.
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. (1975). Clinical criteria for psy-chiatric diagnosis and DSM-III. Americani Journal of Psychiatry, 131,1187–1197.
Steffensmeier, D., & Allan, E. (1995). Criminal behavior: Sex and age. In J. F. Sheley (Ed.), Criminoliogy: A contemporary handbook (pp. 83–113). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Sutker, P. B., & Allain, A. N. (1983). Behavior and personality as-sessment in men labeled adaptive socipaths. Journal iof Behavioral Assessment, 5,65–79.
Sutker, P. B., DeSanto, N. A., & Allain, A. N. (1985). Adjective self-descriptions in antisocial men and women. Journal iof Psy-chopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 7,178–181.
Tabachnik, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1996). Using multivariate statistics. New York: HarperCollins.
Trull, T. J. (1992). DSM-III-R personality disorders and the five-factor model of personality: An empirical comparison. Journal iof Abnor-mal Psychology, 3,553–560.
Trull, T. J., Widiger, T. A., & Burr, R. (2001). A structured interview for the assessment of the five-factor model of personality: Facet-level relations to the axis II personality disorders. Journal iof Personality, 69,175–198.
Widiger, T. A., & Lynam, D. R. (1998). Psychopathy and the five-factor model of personality. In T. Millon & E. Simonsen (Eds.), Psy-chopiathy: Antisocial, criminal, and violent behavior (pp. 171–187). New York: Guilford.
Widom, C. S. (1977). A methodology for studying noninstitutionalized psychopaths. Journal iof Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45,674–683.
Williamson, S., Harpur, T. J., & Hare, R. D. (1991). Abnormal processing of affective words by psychopaths. Psychophiysiology, 28,260–273.
Zagon, I. K., & Jackson, H. J. (1994). Construct validity of a psychopathy measure. Personaliity and Individual Differences, 17,125–135.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ross, S.R., Lutz, C.J. & Bailley, S.E. Psychopathy and the Five Factor Model in a Noninstitutionalized Sample: A Domain and Facet Level Analysis. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26, 213–223 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000045337.48535.a5
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000045337.48535.a5